Wordhord

a concise early Middle English to Modern English dictionary

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a- pref: forth, away; a_; unemphatic verbal prefix, as a rule only intensitive in meaning; in pronouns and participles, gives a sense of indefiniteness

abbot (abbud) n m: abbot; abbudisse n f abbess; abbotri_ce n nt abbey, office of an abbot; abbud ~isse ~ri_ce; PC1 abbot abbates abbodrice, PC2 abbot ~rice, Lmn abbod, Ch abbot, MED abbot abbod-ric(h)e

abu_ten (onbu_ten) prep/adv: about, around, on the outside; nearly, roundabout; a_bu_tan onbu_tan; PC1 abutan, PC2 abuton, Lmn abuten, AW abuten

adele n m: mud, filth; a_dela; Owl adel, MED adel(e)

adle n f/nt: illness, ailment, disease, infirmity; adlen v w tr/intr addle, make ill; ail, languish, be diseased; adlende n patient, sufferer; adliy` adj listless, ill; a_dl ~e ~ig` ~ian; Orm adle addledd, MED adl~e ~ig

afnen v w: accomplish, carry out, do, perform, fulfil; cause; endure, suffer;; iafnen hold, sustain; (g`e)aefnan (e)

a_gen adj: own; a_gen v ptpr; a_h a_hst, a_hte own, possess; owe; have to, ought; aht (ae_hte) n f property, possessions; ownership, control; a_gen, a_gan a_h/a_g a_hst a_gon a_hte a_hton, aeht ae_hte~; PC1 ahte/eahte, PC2 ahte, Orm ay`h`enn ah, ahhte, Lmn agen ah ahte ahten, ahte (ae), AW ahte, PH3 ey`te, SO owhen, MED aught

a_glae_ke n m: monster, demon, fiend, fierce combatant; a_glae_k n nt misery, grief, oppression; a_glae_ca (ae_~) a_glae_c (a_); MED e_gle_che; OE ag-la_c < ag? rel ON agi, ME awe?

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ak conj: but, nevertheless, moreover, however; ac; PC2 ac/oc, Orm acc, MED ac (ak)

aken v s6; o_k o_ken iaken: ache, suffer, feel pain; acan (o_ o_ a); Lmn oc, AW aked`, Ch aken, MED aken o_k

aker (acres) n m: acre, field, crop, cultivation, arable land; akerman n farmer; aecer aecras aecermann; PC2 acer ~es, MED aker

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al adj: all, whole; alle pl all; alles gen sg of all; completely, not at all; alre gen pl of all; alswilc adj just such; eall ~e ~swilc` ealre fyrst/lae_st; PC2 al alle alsuic alrefyrst, Orm all alle allre laest, AW al alle

al n f: awl, spike; ael; AW eal eawles, Ch al, MED al

alen v s6; o_l o_len ialen: nourish, grow, produce; alan (o_ o_ a); rel a_ld

a_ld adj: old; alder n m/nt leader, prince, chieftain, alderman; life; alderdo_m n m superiority, pre-eminence; elde n f age, maturity; stage, period; elden v w delay; age, grow old; eldre (eldere) adj cmp, n m elder, older; parent, ancestor; delay; eald (a), ealdor ~do_m, ield~o (y/e) ~ra ~est ~an; PC1 ylde, PC2 ald, Orm ald, elde elldre eldenn, Lmn ald alder eld(e)re, Ch o(o)ld elde, MED alder, elde eldre elden

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ale n m/nt?: ale, beer; alehu_s n alehouse, pub; ealu (ealod`) ealuhu_s; PC1 alod`, Lmn ale, AW ale

aler n m: alder; alor (al[e]r); Ch alder, MED alder (alre aller olr)

alswa_ (alse) adv/conj: also, likewise, moreover, then, thus; as, like, so; eallswa_ (allswa_/alswe_); PC2 alsua als(e), Orm all swa alls(e), Ch also als; the distinction between ModE also and as, is not attained until the 15th century

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a_n (a/an) indef, num, adj, pref: a, an; one; lone, single; a_nne (ae_nne) acc a, an; one; a_nes gen, adv one's; once; a_ne dat, adv alone; ana_n adv at once; a_niy` (ae_) adj any; a_nlic (ae_) adj unique, only; a_nnes n unity, agreement; a_nge adj sole, solitary; a_nunge adv entirely; na_n, na_nne, na_nes, nae_niy` pron, adj no, none; for t`e na_nes (t`ae_m a_nes) adv indeed; on purpose; temporarily, for the occasion, for the time being; ae_ne adv once; a_n a_nne/ae_nne a_nes a_num a_ne, a_na, ae_nig`, a_n~li_c (ae_) ~nes, a_nga, a_nunga, na_n na_nne etc, for t`ae_m a_nes, ae_ne; PC1 an aenne anes ane, PC2 a onne nan, Orm a(n) aenne aness ane, nan ~ess, forr t`e naness, Lmn a(n) aenne (ane), Owl an anne ane, ene, Ch a(n) o(o)n n~, for the nones; acc forms are rare in PC2 and Orm outside pronouns; OE t`ae_m a_nes > eME t`e na_nes

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and conj: and; and (ond); PC1 and, Orm annd

and~ pref: against, opposing; in return, back, re; facing, toward; completely, fully; andy`eaten v w acknowledge, profess; confess; andlang adj/prep entire, continuous, extended; along, beside; andlefen n sustenance, nourishment, food; andsae_te adj/n repugnant, odious; hostile; adversary, enemy; andsweren v w answer; andward adj present, actual, existing; opposite; andwerk n matter, substance, material; cause; andwi_s adj expert, skilful; andfang andg`iet andlang andleofen andsaca andsaec andswaru andweard andweorc andwi_s i.a.; MED an(d)-let and-seche an(d)swere an(d)-sete an(d)-weard and-y`ae_ten, an(d)-sweren; also - and~etten, ~fang, ~y`e_aten, ~y`et, ~la_ng, ~lefen, ~sake, ~sac, ~sae_te, ~sweren, ~werk, ~wi_s i.a.; ProtoG andi~ > OE and~, Du ont~, G ent~

ande n m: grudge, envy, enmity, malice, ill will; andful adj envious; anda; MED ond(e) ondful(e)

arfet` adj: difficult, laborious, hard; arfet`nes n hard work; hardship; earfot`(e) ~lic` ~nes; Orm arrfet`t`, AW e(a)ruet`, MED arved` ~nesse

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at prep, pref: at; by, with; aet; PC2 at (ae), Orm att

a_t` n m: oath; a_t`; PC2 at`es, Orm at`ess, AW ad` at`es

at`el (at`ele) adj: noble, aristocratic; excellent, splendid, fine; at`ele n nt nobility, breeding; at`eling n m prince, nobleman, chieftain; e_t`el n m/nt native land, homeland; aed`el~e (aed`el) ~u ~ing, e_t`el; Orm at`ell, Lmn ad`el, Owl at`ele, MED athel, ethel

ba_, bey`en adj/adv (f/nt, m): both; be_g`en ba_; PC1 begen, Orm ba bey`y`enn, Lmn beien ba, AW ba, Owl bo, SO bo

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baken v s6; bo_k bo_ken ibaken: bake; bakern n nt bakery, bread shop; bacan (o_ o_ a) baecern; Orm bakenn, MED baken (o_ o_ a)

bak n nt: back; baec; PC1 baec, Orm bacc, AW bac, Ch bak

bale (balw~) n nt: evil, malice; misery; bealu beal(u)wes; Lmn balu baluwen, AW bale (balewe), Ch bale, MED bale

bane n m: slayer, murderer; bane; benn n f wound; bana; Lmn bane (o), AW bone, Ch bane

(i)bann (ban) n nt: edict, proclamation, summons, bann; bannen v s7; be_nn be_nnen ibannen summon, command, proclaim; g`ebann, bannan (e_o e_o a); Lmn bannen (eo) bonneden, Owl banne, ibanned, MED ban, bannen

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bar adj: bare, open; baer; Lmn bare, AW bare, MED bar

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be, bi_ prep: by, with, near, about, at, in, on, during, according to; be (bi_/big`), ymbe (u/e); umbe (imbe) prep, pref around, about; ae_fre umb hwi_le adv repeatedly; PC1 ymbe, PC2 be/bi, um, Orm bi, umbe/ummbenn, Lmn bi, AW umbe(n), Ch be/by, MED umbe

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bae_h n m; bae_ges: ring, crown, necklace; boga n m bow, arch; bu_gen v s2; bae_h bugen ibogen bow, bend, submit; turn, retreat, go; join; forbu_gen v decline, refrain; be_ag (h), bu_gan (e_a u o) for~, boga; PC1 bugon, Orm buy`h`enn for~ baeh, Lmn beh baey`es, boy`e, buy`en baeh, AW bohe, MED bei

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bae_rnen v w: burn; baernan; PC1 baernde, Orm baernen, AW bearne bearnde

bae_ten v s7; be_t be_ten ibae_ten: beat, flog, whip, punish; be_atan (e_o e_o e_a); Orm baetenn, AW beaten i~

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be_d n m: table; be_od; MED beode

be_den v s2; bae_d buden iboden; a~: command, decree, summon; announce, declare; offer, bid, grant; bebe_den v commit, entrust; forbe_den v forbid; boden (i~) v w proclaim, preach, prophesy, signify, bode; foreboden v forebode; be_oden a~ be~ for~ (e_a u o), (g`e)bodian; PC1 bodian, Orm bede baed forr~, Lmn beoden baed iboden, bodien, MED be_den, boden; ModE bid (offer) as in "I bid at the action"

bed n nt; beddes pl: bed; bed beddes; Orm bedd, Lmn bed bedde, Ch bed beddes

beren v s4; bar bae_ren iboren: bear, carry; bring forth, produce; forberen v forbear, abstain, refrain, spare; bae_r n f bier, carriage for corpse, portable bed; ibae_re n f/nt behaviour; outcry, clamour, commotion; ibae_ren v w behave; bae_rn (barn) n m child, bairn; barm n m lap; bosom; bird n f/nt birth, lineage, descent, birthplace; nature, quality, rank; birle n m cupbearer; birt`en n f burden, duty; child; bore suff, n m bearer; ruler; beran (ae ae_ o) for~, bae_r, g`ebae_r~u (e_) ~an, bearn, bearm, g`ebyrd ~daeg`, byrele, byrt`en, bora; PC2 bar baeron (for)baren byrt`en, Orm berenn barr baere borenn baere baern barrness birde birrless, Lmn beares baere barme bearm be(a)rn birles, AW bere bearm bearnes burde, Owl (i)bere, Ch bere(n) bar baren (e) ybor(e)n beere birthe barm, MED beren be_r be_ren barn/ba_rn barm birle birthen bore

be_r n m: beer; be_or; MED be_r

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bergen v s3; barh burgen iborgen: save, preserve, protect; iberh (g) n nt; ~lae_s adj refuge, safety, protection, defence; iberglic adj safe, prudent; herberh n harbour, shelter; lodgings, quarters; biry`en (be~) v w bury, entomb; biry`e n m protector; surety, bail; burh (g) n f; burges pl town, city; fort, stronghold; hae_fedburh n capital city; beorgan (ea u o), g`ebeorg ~lic` here-beorg, (be)byrg`an (ig`), byrg`a, burg (h) byr(i)g`, he_afodburh; PC1 byrigde bebyrged, PC2 burch, byrieden bebyried, Orm bery`h`enn borry`h`enn, herrberry`h`e, berrhless, burrh burry`h`ess, birry`enn, Lmn herbery`e, burh bury`es, burien, AW herbearhe, burhen iborhen, burh, MED berwen (bergen/bery`en) herberwe, bergles, burgh, birien

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berh (g) n m; berges pl: mountain, hill, mound; beorg (h); Lmn berhy`e beory`en, MED bergh (bery`/beregh)

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bern n m: man, male, soldier, hero; beorn; Lmn be(o)rn, MED bern

bernen v s3 intr; barn burnen ibornen: burn (up); biernan (a u o); Lmn bernen burne, Owl berne

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be_t n nt; ~ing: threat, boast; be_ten v w threaten, vow, boast; (g`e)be_ot ~ian ~ung; Lmn beot i~ beoteden, MED beot i~ beotien

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bey`en v w tr/refl: bend, bow, flex; stoop, weaken, give way; turn, turn back, incline; forbey`en abase, humiliate, degrade; depreciate; bow down; bi_eg`an forbig`an; AW beien beide, MED beien

bi_den v s1; ba_d biden ibiden: stay, continue, remain; abi_den v abide, wait, await, expect; delay; survive; ibi_den v experience, undergo; bi_d n nt halt, hesitation, delay; bi_dan (a_ i i) a_~ g`e~, bi_d; PC1 biden, Orm bad, Ch byde bood, MED bi_de

bidden v s5; bad bae_den ibeden: pray, request, beseech, exhort; bae_den v w compel, impel; oppress; bede, ibed n f; nt prayer, bead; biddan (ae ae_ e), bae_dan, bedu g`ebed; PC1 bidde baed beaden, Orm bidden badd baede bedenn, bede bedess, Lmn bidden bad beden, bede beden, Ch bedes, MED ibede, bed(e); ModE bid (pray) as in "I bid thee good night"

biggen (biy`en) v w irr; bohte: buy, acquire, ransom, redeem; bebiggen v sell; forbiggen v ransom, redeem; bribe; bycgan bohte; PC2 bohton, Orm biggen bigget` bohhte, Ch byeth, MED bi_en for~

bi_nden v s3; ba_nd bu_nden ibu_nden: bind, tie, restrain; imprison; ibi_nd n nt binding, fastening; bend n f bond, fetter, shackle; bindan (a u u), g`ebind, bend; PC1 bendas, Orm bindenn band bundenn, Lmn binden ibundene, bende, AW ibunden, Ch bynde bond ybounden, MED bi_nden, bi_nd(e), bend(e)

bire n m: occasion, time; biren v w intr happen; belong, befit; behove, be necessary; byre byrian; Orm birrt` birrd~e ~enn, MED biren

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birne (briniy`e) n f: armour, coat of mail, corselet, byrnie; byrne,; brynja; PC2 bryniges, Lmn burne (brunie), AW brunie, MED brinie

bisen (bisne) n f/nt: example, pattern, model; forebisen n parable, proverb; archetype; bisnen (bisen~) v w symbolise, exemplify; bisen(e) ~ian (bysnian); Orm bisne, Lmn bisne, AW bisne fore~, Owl uorbisne, MED bisnen

blo_d n nt; ~iy` adj: blood; blo_dgen (blo_diy`en) make bloody; blo_d ~ig`, blo_dgian (blo_deg`ian); Orm blod, Lmn blod, AW blod, MED blo_d, blo_deke

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bo_k n f/nt; ~es (be_c) pl: book; bo_kstaf n m letter, character; bo_c ~staef, be_c; PC1 bokes/bec, Orm boc boke, AW bokes

bold n nt: castle, mansion, abode; bold; Lmn bold, AW bold

bord n nt: table, board, plank, shield; meal; innebordes adv at home; u_tenbordes adv abroad; he_hbord n head table; bord innan~es u_tan~es; Orm bord, Ch bord

brekenv s4; brak brae_ken ibroken: break; braec n nt (brice m) breach, fracture, breaking, destruction; clearing; brok n nt fragment; brecan (ae ae_ o), brae_c (g`e)bryce, broc; PC2 braecon, Orm brekesst bracc, AW breken ibroken, Owl breche, MED brech(e) briche

bre_st n m/f: chest, breast; bre_ost; Orm brest, Lmn breoste, Ch bre(e)st

briht (berht) adj: bright; brihten v w cleanse, clarify, illuminate, brighten; brey`den v s3; bray`d bruy`den ibroy`den flash, dart, move quickly; twist, braid, embroider; pull, lift, brandish; abrey`den v wake, start; beorht (bryht) ~ian, breg`den (ae u o) a~; PC1 gebroiden, Orm brihht, Lmn briht, breiden braid (ae) brudden ibroiden, AW briht brihted`, breiden ibroiden

bringen v w irr; brohte: bring; bringan bro_hte; PC2 brohte, Orm brinnget`t`, AW bringen, Owl broy`te

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brok n nt: affliction, misery, trouble, strife, adversity; disease, infirmity; broken v w crush, hurt, afflict, molest; broclic adj miserable, adverse, hard; broc ~ian ~lic; AW brokes, MED brok

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bro_t`er n m nom/gen: brother; bret`re pl brothers; bro_t`or (g`e)bro_t`or/bro_t`ru bre_t`er; PC1 brod`er bred`re, Orm brot`err bret`re, Lmn brot`er ~en (~es), Ch bretheren/brotheres

bru_ken v s2; brae_k bruken ibroken: enjoy, use, employ, brook; bru_can (ae_ u o) bru_cet`/bry_ct`; Orm brukenn ~et`t`, Lmn bruken ~ed`, MED brouken

bru_n adj: brown, dusky; shiny; bru_nfa_h adj burnished; bru_n ~fa_g; MED broun (brun)

bu_en v w: dwell, inhabit, occupy; cultivate; bu_r n nt dwelling, apartment, chamber, room; ibu_r n m peasant, farmer; ne_hibu_r n neighbour; bu_an, bu_r g`e~, ne_ahg`ebu_r; PC1 nehhebura, Orm bure, Lmn bur, AW bur, nehbur, Ch bour, neighebore

bufen adv/prep: above; abufen adv above, aloft, on high; bufan on ~ a~; Orm bufenn, AW buuen a~, MED boven above(n); rel ufen

~ ~

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burn n m: brook, stream; spring, well; burn (~e ~a); Owl burne, MED bourn(e)

candel n f: candle, lamp; candelbore n acolyte; candel; PC2 candles, Ch candel

care n m: care, concern; sorrow, vexation, distress, anxiety; caren v w intr care, be anxious, grieve; caru ~ian; Orm kare, Ch care careth

cae_p n m: purchase, bargain; cae_pen v w trade, buy, bargain; cae_ping n business; cae_pman n trader, merchant; cae_psto_w n market; cae_pstre_t n neo high street, shopping strip; cae_ptu_n, cae_pt`orp n neo shopping mall; ci_pen v w sell; c`e_ap ~man ~sto_w ~ung ~ian, cy_pan; Lmn cheap, AW chap (ea) cheped` chepinge, MED chep ~en chap-man

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ce_sen v s2; cae_s curen icoren (chusen ichosen): choose; kire n m choice; kiriy` n f chooser; kist n f choicest one, top pick, best; free will; virtue; c`e_osan (ea_ u o), cyre cyrig`e, cyst; PC1 cesen coren (s), PC2 cuson cosan, Orm chesesst chaes chosenn, Lmn chaes curen (i)coren (chosen), cure, custe, AW chesen icorene, Owlcuste, SO chese ycore, MED kire (cyre)

cester n f: town, fort; cesterware n m/f citizen; c`easter; Orm chesstre, MED chestre; ModE Man-chester, Ro-chester, Win-chester etc

ci_ld n nt: child; cildre n pl children; ci_lden v w give birth, birth; ci_ldha_d n childhood; c`ild ~ru ~an; PC2 cild, Orm child chilldre childenn, MED chi_ld; vowel lengthening before 'ld' (but not 'ldr') in late OE

circe (cirice) n f: church; c`iric`e (y); PC1 circe, PC2 cyrce cyricen, Orm kirrke, AW chirche, Ch chirche

cirkel n m: circle; cycle, zodiac; cirkelwirde n m computer, mathematician; circul, circolwyrde; MED cercle

ce_se (ci_se) n m: cheese; c`i_se (ae_/e_/y_); PC1 ceose, PC2 caese, LHchese, Ch chese, MED che_se

icnerd adj; ~nes: eager, zealous, diligent, studious; cnerdlae_cen v w toil, slog, exert, plug away, be diligent; g`ecneord (g`e)cneord~lic` ~nes ~lae_can

craft n m; ~iy` adj: skill, ability, accomplishment, trade, art, craft; strength; craeft; PC1 craeftes, Orm crafft, Ch craft

cumen v s4 irr; co_m co_men icumen: come; cume n m visitor; co_me (kime) n m coming, advent; acumen v come forth; bear, bring; endure, withstand; ancumen, to_cumen v arrive; becumen v approach, enter, eventuate; acumendlic adj possible; tolerable; cuman (o_ o_ u) an~ a_~ to_~ cumet`/cymt`, cuma, cyme; PC2 cumen com comen, Orm cum(m)enn cumet`t` comm comenn, come, Lmn cumen com comen, kime/cume, AW cume, Owl kume, Ch com(e)th cam/co(o)m co(o)me(n), come, MED comen a~ acumendlice, come; cam first appears 1225 Vices & V.

cunnen v ptpr; can canst, cu_t`e icu_t`: know, know how to, be acquainted with; oncunnen v ptpr accuse, blame, reproach; cna_wen v s7; cne_w cne_wen icna_wen know, recognise, perceive; cunnen v w; cunnet` test, try, investigate; forcunnen v w tempt; cu_t` adj known, familiar; forcu_t`, fraket` adj vile, wicked, obscene; ke_ne adj keen, bold, sharp, pungent; ki_t` n f; ki_t`t`e ~s kinship, relationship; kinsmen, kith, family; home, familiar territory, homeland; onki_t` n grief; ki_t`en (i~) v w; ki_t`ede (kidde) acquaint, make known, announce, proclaim; testify, confess; iki_t`nes n f testament, testimony, knowledge, acquaintance; cunnan on~ cann canst cunnon cu_d`e, ce_ne, cy_d`d` (~u) on~, (g`e)cy_d`an cy_dde, (g`e)cy_d`nes, cna_wan (e_o e_o a_), cunnian for~, for-cu_t` fracod` (~ed`/ed); PC1 gecydde, PC2 can cunnen cut`e, Orm cunnenn cann cannst cut`e cut`enn, kene, kit`en kiddenn, cnawenn cnew, cunnenn cunnet`t`, Lmn cud`d`e icud/icud`, cnowed` cneowe, kene, AW cud`d`e icud(d)/icud`d`et, cnawen, kene, Ch can canst cunne/conne couthe/coude, cunnid` cunnede, MED connen, kitthe ki_then iki_thnesse, cunnen, fraked; OE cennan - make known > Lmn kennen, AW kennid`

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cwae_d adj: bad, wrong, wicked, poor quality; evil, harm; dung, muck; cwae_dhae_fed n aching head; cwae_dy`ae_r n unlucky year; cwe_ad; Lmn cued, AW cweade

cwe_me adj: pleasant, agreeable; cwe_men v w satisfy, gratify; (g`e)cwe_me cwe_man; Orm cwemenn cwemmdenn (to)cweme, Lmn queme, Ch quemen

cwet`en (i~) v s5; cwat` (d) cwae_t`en (d) icwe_t`en (d): say, speak, settle, resolve; forecwe_t`en adj afore-mentioned; cwide n m speech, saying, phrase; icwide n sentence, decree; (g`e)cwet`an (ae ae_ e), cwide g`e~; PC1 cwed`e cwaed/cwaed`, Orm cwat`t`, Lmn quad`/quaed qued`en iqued`en, AW cwed`en cwed` cweden

day` n m; day`es (dages) pl: day; dagen v w dawn, grow light; aday` adv in daytime, during the day; to_day` adv today; day`hwamlic adj daily; do_ger n m/nt day; daeg` dagas, dagian, do_gor (er); PC2 daei/dei daeies, Orm day`y` day`y`es/day`h`ess, AW dei dahes, Ch day dayes/dawes; Mo_nen~day`, Ti_wes~, Wo_dnes~, T`unres~, Friy`e~, Satern~, Sunnen~

dae_l n m: part, share, deal, portion, allotment, division; dae_len (to_~) v w share, distribute, deal out, divide; bedae_len v deprive; ida_l n nt parting, separation; ae_lcdae_l adv entirely; sumdae_l adv somewhat; dae_l, dae_lan be~ g`e~ to_~, g`eda_l, sumdae_l; PC1 dael, PC2 to daelde (e), sum del, Orm del dale todaelenn, Lmn daele dale, to-daelen, Owl echdel, MED de_len (dae_len), to_~

dae_t` n m: death; dae_d adj dead; dey`en v w to die; de_at`, de_ad; PC1 dead`, daed, PC2 ded, Orm daet`, daed, dey`enn, Lmn daed`, daed, deiy`en, AW deien, Ch deye(n) (dyen); ON deyja

do_ v irr; dide ido_n: do, make; put; bedo_n v defile, befoul; fordo_n v ruin, destroy; misdo_n v transgress, err, sin; ofdo_n v remove, cancel; de_d n f deed, act, action, achievement; oferde_d n indulgence, lack of restraint; do_m n m, suff judgement, sentence, ordeal; state, ~dom; de_me n m judge; de_men v w judge, deem; forde_men v convict, condemn; do_n be~ for~ mis~ of~, de_t`/do_t` dyde g`edo_n, dae_d (e_) mis~, do_m, de_ma, de_man for~; PC2 don mis~ for~ dide (y), daedes, Orm don missdot` didenn, dede, dom, deme demenn demmd, AW ded, dom, deme demen demde, Ch do(n) doth mis~, de(e)de, do(o)m, demen

drake n m: dragon, sea monster; draca; Orm drake, Lmn drake, AW drake

drae_m n m: joy, festivity, merriment; noise, music, singing; dream; Orm draem, Lmn draem, AW dream

dreccen v w irr; drahte: injure, afflict; postpone, delay; drec`c`an dreahte; PC1 gedreht, Lmn idraht/idrecched, Ch drecche drecched, MED drecchen (idraht)

dri_fen v s1; dra_f drifen idrifen: drive, chase, pursue; dri_fan (a_ i i); PC1 draf, Orm drifenn drifet`t` draf, AW driuen draf driuen idriuen

driht n f, pref: company, band of retainers, army; multitude, nation; lordly, splendid; drihten n m Lord, chief; ruler, prince; drihtlic adj lordly, noble, high-ranking; dre_gen v s2; drae_h drugen idrogen undergo, experience, endure, suffer; perform; dryht ~lic, dryhten, dre_ogan (ea u o) dri_ht`/dre_oget`; PC2 Drihten, Orm drihhtin drey`h`enn, Lmn driht ~liche Drihten driy`en (g)

dre_sen v s2; drae_s druren idroren: fall, decline, fail; perish; dre_r n m/nt blood; dre_riy` adj sad; cruel, grievous; bloody; drismen v w become gloomy; dre_osan (ea_ u o), dre_or ~ig`, drysmian; Orm dreriy` (eo), Lmn drese, AW dreori, MED dre_sen (y-drore), dre_ri_

drink (~e/drinc) n m: drink; drinken v s3 tr; drank, drunken idrunken drink; adrinken v drown; bedrinken v absorb; fordrunken adj/p ptc drunk, sozzled, inebriated; drunken-wille adj drunkard, alcoholic; drinc(a) drincan (a u u) a_~ be~; Orm drinnc/drinnke drinnkenn drannc drunnkenn, AW drinken adronc fordrunke drunc-wile

dugen v ptpr; dae_h dae_ht, dohte: avail, be useful, be worthy, be strong; dohtiy` adj doughty, worthy, valiant, intrepid; dugan de_ah de_aht dohte, dohtig` (y); Orm daeh, duhhtiy`, Lmn duy`ende, duhti, AW duhen de(a)h, duhti

dure n f: door, gate; duru; Lmn dure, PM 1250 dure, Ch dore

ae_d n nt: prosperity; ae_diy` adj happy, fortunate; e_ad ~ig`; Orm aediy`, Lmn eadi, AW eadi

ae_la_ interj: alas, oh, woe; e_ala_; BH Eala, MED eala_

ae_r prep, adv, pref: before, ere; beforehand, had; ancient, former; ae_rlic adj; ~li_ce adv early; ae_rre adj, adv earlier; ae_rest adj, adv first; ae_r ~ra ~est ~or ~ost ~lic`; PC1 aer, Orm aer, Lmn aer, AW ear ~lice

ae_rd n m: land, homeland, country; ae_rden (on~) v w dwell, inhabit; eren v w plough, cultivate; eard ~ian, erian; PC1 aerde, Orm aerd, Lmn aerd, aerien, AW eard, erede, MED eren

ae_re n nt: ear; e_a_r(e); Orm aere, AW eare, Ch ere

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ae_rnen v w: earn; earnian; Lmn iaerned, AW earnin, MED e_rnen

ae_rn n m: eagle; earn; Orm aern, Lmn erne, MED e_rn

ae_st n/adj/adv; ~erne ~ward: east; ae_stan adv from the east; e_ast ~an ~erne ~ward; PC1 aest (ea), Orm aest, Lmn aest

Ae_stre n nt: Easter; e_astre e_astron; PC2 Estren, Lmn aestre, AW easter

ae_w n f: law, testament, marriage; ae_wbrae_c (~bryc) n adultery; ae_wbreke n adulterer; ae_wfast adj pious, devout; ae_wlic adj legal; ae_wnen v w marry; sinderae_w n privilege; ae_(w) ae_w~brae_c ~breca ~faest ~lic ~nian synderae_; PC1 aewe aeuestlice, Orm ae, AW eawbruche

ece n m: ache, pain; ece (ae); AW eche, TH eche, Ch ache, MED ache (ece); rel aken; lME ake is remodeled on aken

e_ce adj; ~lic: eternal, perpetual, durable; a_, ay` adv ever, forever, always; na_ adv, adj never, not, not at all; no; ae_fre (ae_fer) adv ever, always; nae_fre adv never; ae_fre ae_lc, ae_fric adj, pron every; everyone; e_c`~e ~elic ~nes, a_ (a_wa), na_, ae_fre n~; PC1 ece, PC2 na, aeure n~ aeuer, aeuric, Orm eche, a ay`y`, na, aefre, Lmn a, na ~t`ing, aeuere n~, euer aelche, AW eche, aa ai, na ~t`ing, eauer n~, eu(e)rich, Ch ay; ON ei

e_fen (ae_fen) n m: eve, evening; e_fenmete n evening meal, dinner; ae_fen (e_); PC1 aefen, Orm efenn, AW euen, MED e_ven

e_ge (ae_ge) n nt; e_gen pl: eye; day`es e_ge n daisy; e_age e_agan (e_) daeg`es-~; Orm ey`h`e ~ss/ey`h`ne, Lmn ey`enen, AW ehe ehnen, Owl ey`e ey`ene, Ch eye eyghen (y)

egge n f: edge; ecg; Orm egge, Lmn egge, AW egge

ehte num: eight; ehtete_ne num; ehtete_nt`e ord eighteen; ehtetiy` num; ehtetiget`e ord eighty; ehtet`e ord eighth; eahta ~-ti_ene (hund)~tig` ~te_od`a, eahtod`a; PC1 aehte, Orm ehhte, Lmn aehte ehtetene, AW eihtud`e, PH3 ey`te ~tent`e, TH egted`e, GC 1300 eiy`te~tene ~ty ~t`e ~tet`e, SL 1300 eiy`teteot`e, GC 1325 eiy`tet`e eiy`tetet`e, WB 1425 eiy`tetithe, MED eighte ~-te_ne ~ti_ ~the ~-tenthe ~-tithe; no entry in Clark-Hall or Boswell Toller for OE *eahtatigod`a

e_k (ae_k) adv: also, likewise, and; e_ken v w, adj increase, augment, add, accrue, eke out; great, pregnant; to_e_ken adv/prep besides, moreover, also, in addition; wastem n m/nt fruit, growth, offspring; wastembae_re adj fruitful; waxen v s7; we_x we_xen iwaxen grow; fulwaxen n, adj adult, grown-up; e_ac (e_c) ~an to_e_acan, waestm ~bae_re, weaxan (e_o e_o ea) ful~; PC1 eac, westmas (ae), waex, Orm ec ekenn, wasstme, wax(x)enn wex waxenn full~, Lmn aec/eke aechen, wastmes, waxen weoxen iwaxen, Ch ek(e)/eek eched, MED e_k e_ken, wastme, waxen

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el pref: foreign, strange; el~; MED el-

ele n m: oil, holy oil; ele; Orm ele, MED ele

ellen n nt: courage, valour, strength, zeal; ellen; Orm ellenlaes

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ende n m: end, boundary; enden v w end, finish; destroy; end~e ~ian; PC2 enden, Orm ende endenn, MED end~e ~en

~end suff: doer, one who, ~er, ~or; ~ende pr ptc doing, ~ing; ~end ~ende; MED -ende; Hae_lend, Scapend, De_mend etc

erl n m: nobleman, earl, count; warrior; eorl; PC2 eorl, Orm eorless, SO erl

-ern suf: place, house, -ery, -ern; arn n nt dwelling, house, building, store, closet; aern (earn) baecern ha_ligern su_d`erne; MED ern bak~ breu~ hed~ sheu~ slep~

ert`e n f: earth; ert`tilt` n f agriculture; eort`e eort`lic`; PC2 ert`e, Orm e(o)rt`e ert`~lic ~liy` ~like, Lmn eord`e eord`lic

eten v s5; at ae_ten ieten: eat; etan (ae ae_ e) etet`/et; PC2 aeten eten, Orm etenn, Ch eten

etten v w: graze, browse, pasture; andetten v acknowledge, admit, praise; confess, promise, vow; ettan and~ (ond~)

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e_wen v w: show, display, reveal; ate_wen v point, indicate; i_ewan at~ ot`~; PC2 atywede, BH aeteowden, MED atewien

e_w interj: alas, oh, woe; e_ow

fa_ (i~) n m, adj; fa_n pl: foe, enemy; hostile, inimical, feuding; fae_ht` n f hostility, enmity, feud; fa_h (g`e)fa_, g`efa_ ~n, fae_ht`; Lmn ifa ~n, AW fa fan i~, Owl fo, Ch fo(o) foos/fo(o)n, MED fo

fader n m nom/gen: father; faeder; PC1 faeder, Orm faderr, SO fader; mi_n fader hu_s - my father's house; VV 1225 faderes pl

fa_h (fa_ge) adj: dappled, variegated, spotted, streaked; adorned, decorated; fa_g (h); Lmn fah uay`e, MED fou

fallen v s7; fell fellen ifallen; be~: fall; fell n m fall, slaughter; fellen v w fell, cut down, kill; attack; feallan (e_o e_o ea), fiell ~an; Orm fallenn fellenn, Lmn fallen feol ~len, fellen feolde

faren v s6; fo_r fo_ren ifaren: go, travel, fare, proceed; behave, live; afaren v depart; *skifaren neo v ski; far n nt vessel; fare n f; suff m expedition, procession; farer; faret` n m/nt current, stream; shore; fe_re n m comrade, companion, associate; fe_ren v w go, travel, set out, march; behave; fort`fe_ren v depart, die; ife_ren v reach, accomplish; ife_re adj/n accessible; company, community; wordes ife_re n adverb; fe_rend n messenger, sailor; ferd n f army; military campaign; ferien v w ferry, carry, transport; fo_r n f journey, voyage; ford n m ford, waterway; faran (o_ o_ a) faer -fara faru farot`, g`efe_re, (g`e)fe_ra, fe_r~an ~end, fierd, ferian ferode, fo_r, ford; PC2 faren, ferde, faerd, Orm farenn forenn, fere, ferd, Lmn foren, uerien, AW fere, ferd, SO y-fere, MED ferien

fast adj; ~e adv: firm, fixed, secure; fasten v w; n nt fast, abstain; retreat, safety; fastnen v w fasten, secure, confirm; onfast prep, adv close; faest ~an ~e ~en, faestnian; PC2 faeston, faestned, Orm onnfasst, fasste, fesstnenn, Lmn faste, fastnede, MED fast, faste(n), fastnen

fele adj, adv: much, many, a lot; fille n f fill, plenty, sufficiency, abundance; impregnation; fillen v w fill, replenish, satisfy, complete, fulfill; oferfille n surfeit; ifillednes n f fulfilment, completion; filst n m/f aid, assistance; folgen (filgen, fullga_n) v w follow, pursue; folget` n m following, retinue; pursuit, office, service; ful adj; ~le w/pl full; fultum n m help, protection, grace; fultumen, filsten, fullae_sten v w help, support, comfort, abet; fela (feolu), fyllo (fyllu), fyll~an (g`e)~ednes, fylst ~an, folgian filgan (fylig`an) full-ga_n, folgot`, full (ful), fullae_stan, fultum ~ian; PC1 fela, fylden, fylste, PC2 ful, folecheden, Orm fele, fillenn, folly`h`enn, full, Lmn feole, fulste ~n, foly`en, fultume, AW feole, fulst, folhen, ful, Owl fele, MED fillen, filsten, fultum

fe_len v w; fe_l(e)de ife_l(e)d: feel; folm n f palm, hand; fe_lan, folm(e); AW felde, Ch feeled/felte feltest felten feled/felt, MED fe_len, folm

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fe_nd n m: fiend, enemy; fe_gen v w hate, persecute; fe_ond fi_end, fe_ogan (fe_on); PC1 feond, Orm fend, Lmn feond ~es, Ch feend ~es

1 2

fer adj, adv; ferr~e ~er ~est: far; afar; ferren adv; v w from afar; remove, avert, take away; firlen adj; n nt distant, remote; distance; feorr, feorran, fyrlen; Orm ferr, Lmn feor, AW feor, Ch fer, MED ferren

ferh n m/nt; ferges (feres): life, soul, spirit; person; ferht` n m/nt mind, intellect; feorh (g) feores, ferhd` (y), fi_ras; Lmn uore, MED fere furth; length of vowel in gen and dat cases in OE is uncertain; Bosworth & Toller indicates short vowel

fi_f num: five; fifte_ne num; fifte_nt`e ord fifteen; fiftiy` num; fiftiget`e ord fifty; fifte ord fifth; fi_f ~ta ~ti_ene ~tig` ~te_od`a ~teogod`a (~tiged`a); PC1 fif ~tig, Orm fif fif(f)te fifftiy`, Lmn fif ~te ~ten(e) ~ti, Ch fyue fif~t(h)e ~tene ~ty, TH 1200 fiftuged`e, LH 1225 fifteoy`ad`e, GC 1325 viftet`e, WB 1382 fiftenthe fiftythe, MED five (fif) fif-te_ne ~ti_ ~te -te_nthe ~ti_th(e)

fi_nden v s3; fa_nd fu_nden ifu_nden: find, discover; obtain, provide; finde adj locatable; ifa_nden v w test, experience, search out; fu_nden v w strive, desire, head to; fe_t`e n m, nt infantry, troops; gait, locomotion; fu_s adj eager, ready, hastening; fi_sen (i~) v w impel, banish, drive away; fi_ndan (a u u), fynde, g`efandian, fundian, fe_d`a, fe_d`e, fu_s fy_s~an ~ian; PC2 finden fand, Orm findenn finnt fand fundenn, Lmn finden fond funden, Ch fynde(n) fo(o)nd founde(n)

fi_r n nt: fire; fi_ren adj ablaze, fiery, flaming; fy_r ~en; Orm fir, Lmn fur, SO fire, Ch fyr, MED fi_r

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first adj, adv: first; firstly; fyrst (i); PC1 first, PC2 fyrst, Orm firrst

first n m/nt: period, respite, space of time; afirst adv later, after a time; first (y/e); PC2 fyrst, Orm fresst, Lmn feorst firste, AW first, PM afirst

fle_n (fle_hen) v s2; fle_ fle_t` (fle_he fle_ht`); flae_h flugen iflogen (fledde ifled): flee, escape; flae_m n m flight, escape; fle_me n m fugitive; fle_men (i~) v w expel, put to flight, rout; fle_on fly_ht`/fle_(h)t` (e_a u o), fle_am, fli_ema, (g`)fli_eman; PC2 fleh flugen, flemden, Orm fle(o)n fleot` (att)flaeh fluy`henn, flemmde, Lmn fleon flict` flaeh fluy`en ifloy`en, flaem, flemen flemede, AW fleo(n) fleah fluhen iflohen, fleme, Ch fleen fleigh/fledde; fledde first appears in a1325(c1250) Gen. & Ex.

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fle_gen v s2; flae_h flugen iflogen: fly; fle_ge n f fly; fliht n m flight; floge n m flyer; fle_ogan (e_a u o), fle_oge, flyht, floga; Orm fley`henn fley`het`t` flaeh, Lmn fliy`ed` fleah fluy`en floy`en, fley`en, AW flihd`, flehen, Ch flyes

flo_d n m: flood, wave, flow, tide, stream, current, sea; flo_wen v s7; fle_w fle_wen iflo_wen flow; flo_d, flo_wan (e_o e_o o_); PC1 flod, Orm flod, flowenn flowedd, Lmn flod, AW flowen fleaw

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fo_n v s7 irr; fo_ fo_t`, fe_ng fe_ngen ifangen: seize, grasp; onfo_n, underfo_n v; onfo_nd n m receive; feng n m grip, grasp; booty, catch; andfang (~feng) n m acceptance, receipt; assault, seizure; (military) occupation; andfenge adj acceptable, suitable; fo_n fo_ fe_(h)t` (o_) on~, fe_ng fe_ngon g`efangen, feng and~ (a) and~e and~a; PC1 fon feng, PC2 underfeng, Orm fon fo fot` onn~, onnfengenn, fanngenn onn~ unnderr~, Lmn fon fo on-, feng (a) fengen on- under-, Owl fo ifot`, MED fo_n/fongen, onfangen

folde n f: earth, ground; fe_ld n m field; flet n nt; flettes pl floor; dwelling, hall; flo_r n m/f floor; folde, feld, flett, flo_r; PC1 feldan, Orm feld, flor, Lmn folde, feld, ulette, flor, Ch fe(e)ld, floor, MED flet

folk n nt: people, folk, nation, tribe; folkcu_th adj accepted, noted; folkisc, folklic adj public, popular, secular, common, plebeian; flok n m; flockes group, flock, troop; folc, flocc; Orm follc follkess, flocc flockess, Lmn folc folke, flockes, MED folk, flok

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for prep: for, in place of; forto_ conj/prep in order to; although, even if; until; for; PC2 for, Orm forr, MED for ~to

for~ pref: completely, utterly; for~; for~be_den, ~higgen, ~le_sen, ~de_men, ~do_n, ~nimen, ~saken, ~se_n, ~standen i.a.; has a destructive sense in some cases

fore pref, adv: pre, fore; before, afore, previously; because of; foren, atforen, beforen prep, adv before, in front of, opposite; forward; to_foren adv previously; fore foran be~ aet~ to_~; PC1 fore, PC2 beforen, Orm biforenn, AW fore biforen; fore~bisen, ~boden, ~genge(l), ~say`en, ~se_n, ~speken, ~ward i.a.

forht adj: afraid; forhten v w fear, be afraid; forht ~ian; MED forhtigen

forme adj sp: first, earliest; formest (firmest) adj sp foremost, leading; forma fyrest; Orm forrme, Lmn forme formeste, AW forme uormeste

fort` adv: forth, forward, ahead, away; fort`en v w carry out, achieve, accomplish, promote, proceed; fort`riht adv immediately, as soon as; furt`er adv further; firt`ren (furt`eren) v w further, aid, assist, support; fort` ~ian furd`or (g`e)fyrd`ran; PC1 furd`or, Orm for(r)t` forrt`~enn firrt`renn, Lmn ford` iford`ed furd`er, Ch forther(e) forthereth forthred, MED further ~en

1 2

fort`en adv: recently, already, first; quite, exactly, even; furt`um (fort`on); Orm forrt`enn, Lmn fort`e, MED fort`en

fower (fe_wer) num: four; fowerte_ne num; fowerte_nt`e ord fourteen; fowertiy` num; fowertiget`e ord forty; fe_rt`e ord fourth; fe_ower ~ti_ene ~tig` ~te_od`a (~te_ogd`a) ~tigod`a; PC1 feower ~tyne ~ti, fowertiged`e, feord`e, Orm fowwre fowwerrtiy`, fert`e, Lmn feower ~ti, feord`e, AW fowr ~ti ~tud`e (~tende), feord`e, Ch foure fourty, ferthe (ou), TH 1200 fowertid`e, GE 1325 fowrtende, GC 1325 fourtet`e, MED four -te_ne -te_nthe ~ti_ ~ti_the, fe_rthe; numbers 4-12 may be declined if they do not stand before a noun

fram (fra_) prep, adv: from; forth, away; fram adj strenuous, active, brave; frame, freme n f; ~ful benefit, advantage, gain; excellence; framen v w avail, benefit; fremen v w further, advance; perform, accomplish, commit, effect, attain; fulfremen v complete, fulfil, perfect; fremde adj foreign, alien, strange; fram ~ian, fremu, fremian/fremman full~, fremde (~ede); fra__; PC2 fra(m), Orm fra, frame, fremmde, Lmn from, fremmen, AW from, freamien, fremien, PH3 freme, SO fram, Ch fra(m) (o), fremde (fremed), MED freme framen fremen fremmen

fratwe n f pl: jewellery, ornaments, decoration; fratwen v w adorn, decorate; innefratwe n neo interior decoration, decor; y`atwe n f pl arms, equipment, trappings; itawe n f pl apparatus, implements; genitalia; tawen v w prepare; fraetw~a ~an ~ian, g`eatwe g`eta_wu, (g`e)ta_wian; Orm tawwenn, AW itawet, MED fretewiaen, tauen

frae_ n m: lord, ruler; god; Fri_y` n f; ~day` goddess of love and home, wife of Woden; fre_a, Fri_g` ~edaeg`; PC1 Fridaeig, PC2 Fridaei, Lmn Fridaei, Ch Friday

fre_nd n s/pl: friend, friends; fre_ndlic adj accepted; fre_ adj; n f free, dear; Lady; fre_d n f friendship, goodwill, affection; fre_n (fre_g~) v w free; love, favour, embrace; frit` n m/nt; ~sum adj peace, safety, refuge; unfrit` n conflict, unrest; fre_ond fri_end, fre_o, fre_od, fre_ogan fre_ode, frit` (~u) un~; PC1 freond, freon, PC2 fre(o)nd, unfrit`, Orm frend, frit`t`, Lmn frend, freoi(y`)en freoden, frid`, AW freohin, Owl fro

friy`en (frigg~) v s5; fray` frae_gen ifrey`en: ask, inquire, question, investigate; ifriy`en v learn, find out, hear tell; ifray`e n nt report, hearsay; fray`nen v w fray`nede; (friy`nen v s3 fray`n fruy`nen ifruy`nen) ask, inquire; fricgan ge~ frig`et` fraeg` frae_gon g`efreg`en, g`efraeg`e, frig`nan (ae u u) fraeg`ning; Orm friy`y`enn, fray`y`nen, Lmn fraeine ~ien fraeinede, AW freinen, Ch frayneth, MED fri_en, frainen

fro_d adj: wise, old; fro_d

frume n m: beginning, origin, cause; fruma; Lmn frume, Owl frume

ga_n v irr; y`e_de iga_n: go, walk; aga_n adv, v ago; pass, go away; bega_n v traverse, surround, besiege, occupy; iga_n v undertake; gang n m path, passage, flow; gangen v s7; ge_ng ge_ngen igangen go; igangen v reach, get; happen; ofergangen v traverse, transgress, overreach; genge n nt, suff, adj troop; goer; prevailing, effective, appropriate; gengen v w enter, go, run; bi_genge n m inhabitant, cultivator, worshipper; foregenge, foregengel n ancestor, forebear, predecessor; igenge n fellow traveller; ga_n gae_t`/ga_t` e_ode e_odon g`ega_n, gang, gangan (e_ e_ a) ofer~, gengan, genge, ~genga bi_~ fore~ g`e~; PC1 gad` geden/eodon, gangende, PC2 gaede/iaede ieden, genge, Orm gan gat` y`ede ~nn, ganngenn ofer~, genge, Ch go(o)(n) go(o)th/geth yede ~n (y)go(o)n

gader, to_gadere (~gedre) adv: together, jointly; gaderen v w gather, collect; gadeling n m kinsman, companion; y`ed n nt; y`eddes pl song, tale, speech; y`edden v w recite, speak, discuss; geador to_~gaedere aet~ (~gaedre), gadrian (er), gaedeling, g`iedd ~ian; PC1 togadere (e), PC2 togaedere, gadered, Orm togeddre, gaddrenn, Lmn gadere to~, gaedereden, gadelinges, y`eddes, AW togederes, gedered`, MED yed

1 2

ga_nen v w: gape, stare, yawn; ga_nian; Ch ganeth, MED gonen

ga_r n m: spear, javelin, dart, weapon; tempest; ga_r; Orm gare, MED gore

1 2

ga_st n m; ~lic adj: spirit, soul, breath; ghost, demon; aga_sten v w terrify, deter; ga_st (ae_), gae_sten; Orm gast, Lmn gaest, agaste, AW gast, ageasten, MED gost, agasten

gest (y`est) n m: guest, visitor; g`iest,; gestr; PC2 gestes, Orm gessthus, AW gest, Ch gest

1 2

gleng n m/f: ornament; glengen v w adorn; gleng (ge)~an; MED gleng

God n m: God; God; PC2 Godes, Orm God(d), MED God

go_d adj, n m: good; go_den v w improve; ungo_d n m evil; villain; betere adj cmp better; betst (best) adj sp best; be_ten v w amend, make amends, repair, restore; bo_t n f remedy, amends, relief, benefit, salvation; de_dbo_t n penance, repentance; go_d ~ian un~, betera betst, be_tan, bo_t dae_d~; PC1 betst, PC2 god ~ed betere, Orm god bettre bettste bote daed~ betenn, AW god betere best bote, MED go_d ~en un~ best bo_t be_ten

gold n nt: gold; gilden v w; adj gild; golden; y`elwe (y`ele) adj; ~n v w yellow; gold gyldan, g`eolu g`eolwe g`eolwian; PC1 gildene, PC2 gold, Orm gold, gildene, Lmn gold, guldene, MED gilden, yelwe (y`alwe/y`eluwe) ~n

grim adj; ~me/~li_ce adv: fierce, savage, cruel; grimmen v s3; gram grummen igrummen rage, roar; gram adj angry, wrathful, hostile; grame n m anger, rage; gremen (a) v w enrage, provoke; grimm (y) grimness, grimman (a u u), gram ~a, (g`e)gremian; PC1 gremienne, Orm grimme, gramm, Lmn gram, AW grim ~liche grimme, gremien gremed`, MED grim, gram, gremen

grot n nt: piece, fragment, particle; meregrot n pearl; grot ~ig`, mere-gre_ot (-grot); AW grot, SO grot, Ch grot; LL margarita > meregrot

gru_nd n m: ground, foundation; gri_nden v s3; gra_nd gru_nden igru_nden grind; grund, grindan (a u u); Orm grund, grindesst, Lmn grund, AW grinden, Ch ground, gryndeth ygrounde

gume n m: man, adult male; guma; Lmn gume, AW gume, MED gome; ME bridegome > ModE bridegroom

gu_t` n f, pref: war, battle, combat; gu_d`; Lmn gud`, MED gu_th

hafen (habben) v w (irr); hafde (hadde) ihafed: have; forhafen v abstain; nafen v not have; habban for~, haebbe haefst haeft` habbat`, haefde; PC2 hauen haefde/hadde hefden/hadden haved, Orm hafenn/habbenn hafe hafesst/haffst hafet`t` hafenn nafe haffde ~nn naffde ~nn, AW ihaved, Ch ha(ve)n hast hath ha(ve)n hadde ~n had

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hafen n f: port, harbour, haven; property, possession; haefen; PC2 hauen, Lmn hauen haf(e)ne, Ch haven

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ihagen (hagiy`en) v w intr: please, suit, fit; afford; onhagen v convenient, possible, afford; g`e~hagian on~; me_ ihaget` - it suits me; me_ to_ that ihaget` - I can afford it; me_ onhaget` - it's within my power

hage n m: enclosure, hedge; hawthorn, haw; trifle; hagt`orn n hawthorn; haga; Owl hay`e/hahe, Ch hawe

hag (hay`tes) n f: hag, witch, fury; haeg`-tes (hae_ts); AW haggen, MED hagge

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ha_l adj: healthy, hale, whole, intact; halge n m; ~n pl saint; Alre Halgen E_fen n m All Saints' Eve, Halloween; halgen v w sanctify, hallow, ordain; ha_liy` adj; ~do_m n m holy; ha_liy`day` n m holy day, holiday; ha_lsum adj wholesome, nourishing; wes t`u_ ha_l interj greetings, hail; hae_le (hae_lt`) n f health, prosperity, safety, salvation; hae_len v w; ~d n m heal, save; unhae_lt` n insanity; ha_l ~ig` ~sum ~ig`daeg` ~ig`do_m, halg~a ~ian, hae_l~u ~d` ~an; PC1 halgan, aelre halgan maesse niht, PC2 halech~en ~ede, hali ~dom, Orm hal unn~summ, hally`h`e hally`h`enn, haliy` ~dom, haele haelenn, Lmn hal, haly`en, hali, haele haelen, AW hal, halhen, hali, heale healed`, Alle halhene dei, GC 1325 alle halwe eue (halwen tid), MED al-halwe(n)

ha_lden v s7; he_ld he_lden iha_lden: hold, keep; consider; atha_lden v restrain, hold back; beha_lden v behold; iheld n nt protection, custody; healdan aet~ be~(e_o e_o ea), (g`e)hield; PC2 halden held, Orm held ~enn, Lmn haelden bi-halded`, Ch holde(n) he(e)ld

halet` n m: warrior, hero; haele(t`) haelet`es; Lmn haeled` haled`es, MED heleth

half n/adj: half; healf; PC2 half, Orm hallf, Lmn half

halh (hale) n m: corner, nook; healh (a); Owl hale, MED hale

ha_m n m: home, house, dwelling, abode, manor; estate, hamlet; ha_m; PC1 ham, Orm ham, AW ham, Ch ho(o)m

hand n f: hand; ihende prep, adv near, next to; at hand; ofhende adj absent; ne_h at handes exp almost; hand, g`e~hende of~; Orm hannd, Lmn hond, Ch hand/hond; ihende is postpositional: he_ lay` his t`e_den ihende

hard adj; ~e adv: hard, fierce, bitter, vehement; hardlic adj stern, harsh, excessive; hardmo_d adj obstinate, brave; heard ~lic` ~mo_d; PC1 harde, Orm harrd, Owl hard

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ha_t adj: hot; ha_t; Orm hat, AW hat, SO hot

ha_ten v s7; heht hehten (he_t) iha_ten: name, call; order, command; iha_ten, beha_ten v promise, vow, threaten; ha_tte ~st ~n; pass pr/pt; am/is/are/was called; o_netten v w hasten, hurry; o_rette n m warrior, champion, hero; ha_tan (e_ e_ a_) (heht), hae_tst hae_tt (ha_test ha_tet`), ha_tte, o_nettan, o_retta; PC2 hatte gehaten, Orm (y`e)hatenn, Lmn hatet` hehte, hatte ihaten, AW hatte het/hight ihaten, MED onettan

hat`e~ pref: war, battle; head`u

he_ pron sg3 m nom: he; him m/nt acc/dat him, it; his m/nt gen his, its; it (hit) nt nom it; he_/hit hine/hit his him; PC2 he him his it (hit), Orm he him hiss itt (het), AW he hine his him hit, Ch it (hyt); ratio is 15:1 for PC2 it:hit

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hae_n adj: lowly, despised, abject, wretched; (i)hae_nen (he_nen) v w prostrate, abase, fell, humble; afflict, weaken, crush, injure, oppress; insult, accuse, condemn; he_an (g`e)hi_enan (y_/ae_/e_); Lmn hene/haene haenen, AW heane heanen, MED he_n he_nen

hae_r n nt: hair; hae_r; Orm haer, Lmn her, Owl heare

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hefe n m: weight, burden; hefen (hebbe hebben) v s6 irr; ho_f ho_fen ihefen lift, heave; hefiy` adj heavy, serious, grievous; hefiy`nes n f affliction; hefiy`ti_me adj burdesomen; hefiy`en v w tr/intr make heavy, grow heavy; ahefen v raise, lift up; oferhefen v neglect, overlook; hebban hebbe hefst heft` hebbat` ho_f ho_fon g`ehafen (e) hefe hefig` ~lic` ~nes ~ti_me; PC1 hefig heui, Orm hefenn hof hofenn hefiy` ~like ~liy`, AW heouen (hebben) iheuen heui

hefen (hefn~) n m/f: heaven, sky; heofon heofnes; PC1 heofon heofne/heouene, Orm heffen (eo) heffness, Lmn heofne haeuene, MED heven

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he_gen v w: perform, achieve; (g`e)he_gan; AW heie, MED heien

he_h (hae_h) adj: high; he_ge adj w/adv high, up high; he_gen v w raise, lift, erect, exalt, extol; he_hlic adj noble, honourable; he_hre adj cmp higher; he_hst, he_gest adj sp highest; he_ht`e n f height; he_ah (he_h) hi_erra hiehst he_an hea_ht`u; PC2 heh ~lice, Orm heh hey`h`e hehhre hey`hesst hey`hedd, SO heiy`e, MED heigh heien

helm n m: helmet, protection, defence, covering; helmen v w cover, crown; oferhelmen v overhang, overshadow; halle n f hall, manor; helen (be~) v s4; hal hae_len iholen (helede) conceal, cover, hide; hell n f hell; helster n m concealment, hiding place, darkness; ihole n m protector, defender; helm ~ian ofer~ian, helan (ae ae_ o) be~ for~, heall (a), hell, heolstor, g`ehola; PC2 forholen, Orm forrholenn, Lmn halm (ae) helmen, halle, helede, Ch helm, halle, MED helen, heal(le)

help (~e) n m/f: help; helpen v s3; halp, hulpen iholpen help; help ~e helpan (a u o); PC2 helpe, Orm hellpenn hallp hullpe hollpenn, Lmn helpen hulpe

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here n m: army; sciphere n navy, fleet; heretoge n nt General, chieftain, commander; hergen, hery`en (on~) v w ravage, plunder, pillage, ransack, harry, harrow; forhergen v devastate; here her(i)g`as, heretoga, hergian (g`) on~ for~; PC1 here ~toga, hergon, Orm here, Lmn here ~toy`e, haery`ien (e), AW herhede, Ch harye, harwed (y), MED herien

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he_r adv; ~bi_: here; henen (henne) adv hence, from here; hider adv hither, to here; he_r ~inne ~of ~on ~to_, heonon(e), hider; PC1 heonon (heonne), hider, PC2 her, Orm her, hiderr, Lmn her, hennen (eo), AW heonne, hider, MED he_r(e), henne(s) (henen), hider

he_ren v w; he_rde: hear; ihe_ren v accept, accede, obey; ihe_rsum adj obedient; hi_eran (e_) g`e~, (g`e)hi_ersum; Orm herenn herrde, Lmn heren herde, Owl iheret`

herien v w; heriede (herede): praise; heriendlic adj praiseworthy; herian herode, herig`endlic`; Lmn herien herey`ede, AW herien herede heriende, Ch herie heriest heryen heryed (i)heryed, MED herien (ihered/yheryed); exception to rule - OE ~ian > eME ~en; cp ferien

hi_ (t`ey`) pron pl3 nom: they; hem acc/dat them; here gen their; hi_e hi_e heora (ie/i) him/heom, t`a_ t`ara; t`eir t`eira; PC2 hi her(e) heom, Orm t`ey`y` ~re, here (eo) hem, Lmn hi (eo/a) heore h(e)om, t`aie, Owl hi hore hom, PM hi, SO he her hem, t`ai, Ch they, hir/her(e) hem

hil n m: hill; hilles gen/pl hills, hill's; hyll (hyl); Orm hill, Lmn hul hulles hulle, Ch hil (hill), MED hil(le)

hild n f: battle, combat, warfare; hild

hinden at~ be~ adv/prep: behind; hindren v w hinder; hindan aet~ be~, hindrian; Orm bihinndenn, AW bihinden, Ch hyndre, MED hinde bi~, hindren

hiy`e n m: mind, thought, disposition, intention, desire; heart, courage; ihiy`d n f/nt thought, reflection; hiy`diy` adj, suff mindful, minded; chaste; higgen n w irr; hogede think, intend, resolve; forhiggen v despise; hiht n m hope, expectation; hig`e g`ehyg`d hyg`dig` (g`e)hycgan hogode for~, hyht; Orm hiy`, Lmn huy`e, MED hie

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ho_f n m: hoof; ho_f; MED hof

ho_f n m: moderation, discretion, respect; ho_flae_s adj immoderate, excessive; ho_f ~lauss; Orm hof hofelaes, AW hofles, MED hof ~les

beho_fen v w tr/intr: require; be necessary, behove; beho_fian; PC1 behofed`, PC2 behoued, Orm bihofet`t`, Ch bihouen

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holm n: holm, island, peninsula; river meadow; hill; holmr; Lmn holme, MED holm(e)

hord n nt: hoard, treasure; hordere n treasurer, chamberlain; hord ~ere; PC2 horder-wican, Orm hord, AW hord

hu_ interrog adv, conj: how; hu_; Orm hu, Lmn hu, MED hou; ProtG *hwo_ - instrumental of *hwaz (> hwa_ hwat)

hund num; ~red: hundred; hund ~red; PC1 hund ~red, Orm hunndredd, Lmn hund ~red

hu_nd n m: dog; hund; Orm hundess, Lmn hund, AW hund, Ch hound

hunte n m: hunter; hunten v w hunt; hunting n prey; hunt~a ~ian; Orm hunnt~e ~enn, Ch hunt~e ~en

hu_s n nt: house; inn; temple; hu_s; PC2 hus, Orm hus, MED hous

hwa_ pron interrog/rel m/f: who; hwat nt, interj what; indeed, behold, lo; hwa_m (hwam, hwae_m) acc/dat whom; hwa_s (hwas) gen whose; hwi_ inst, interj why; well then; ihwa_, ey`hwa_ pron anyone; everyone, each; na_t-hwa_ adj/pron someone; hwa_ swa_ pron rel who(so)ever; ihwat, ey`hwat pron anything; everything, each; na_t-hwat pron something; hwat-hwuge adv somewhat, slightly; hwa_ hwaet hwone hwaes hwae_m (a_) hwy_/hwon, g`e~hwa_ ae_g`~ na_t~ ~ swa_, g`e~hwaet ae_g`~ na_t~; PC1 hwa, PC2 wua wat, Orm wha whatt whamm whas whi, Lmn wha whaet wham whes whi, AW hwa hwet hwam hwas hwi, SO wham, Ch who what whom whoos why; eME hwa_s - assimilation to the vowel of hwa_

hwanne (hwan, hwonne) adv, conj: when; hwonne (a/ae/e); PC1 hwonne, Orm whann(e), AW hwen(ne) (whonne), Owl hwan won(e), Ch whan(ne)

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hwat adj: active, brisk, quick, prompt, sharp, eager, bold; hwatae_diy` adj very brave; hwatmo_d adj brave, courageous; hwatnes, hwatscipe adj activity, vigour, courage; hwaet; Lmn whaete, TH hwat, MED what

hwae_rinterrog adv, conj: where; ihwae_r, ey`hwae_r adv anywhere, everywhere; na_t-hwae_r adv somewhere; no_hwae_r adv nowhere; hwae_rfore interrog adv, conj why, for that reason; hwae_rof conj whereby, regarding which; hwae_r swa_ conj wherever; hwae_r aeg`~ ge~ na_~ na_t~ ~ swa_; PC1 hwaer ge~ aeg~, Orm whaer ey`y`~ ~off nowwhar, AW hwer no~ i~ ei~ ~fore

hwenen (hwanen) adv, conj: whence, from where; hwanon(e) (hwonan hwanan); AW hweonne hweonene (hwenne), Lmn wheonene (ae/o) whone, Owl whonone wanene, Ch whenne(s); hwenen is a special cases, admitted as an additional eME form, to match t`enen and henen

hwerfen v s3; hwarf hwurfen ihworfen: turn, change; roam, move about; athwerfen v return; hwarfen v w roll, revolve; hwarf n m crowd, troop; concourse, exchange; hwarftlen, hwirflen v w whirl; hwirfel n m; ~po_l circuit, whirl; hwirft n m rotation, circle; umbhwirft n circumference, circuit; region, district; hweorfan (a u o) aet~, hwierfan hwearfian, hwearftlen, hwyrfel hwyrflian hwirflic`e hwyrfepo_l, hwyrft ymb~; Orm wharrfenn wharrfedd, Lmn whaeruen whaerfde, Ch whirle, MED wharven, whirlen, whirftlen, umbhwirft

hwet`er (hwat`er) pron, conj, adj, det: whether, which of two; hwet`ere adv however, nevertheless; hwet`eres pron gen whose, of which; ihwet`er, ey`hwet`er, ey`t`er adj, pron either, both, each; either one, each one; ey`t`er y`e A y`e B both A and B; na_hwet`er, nowt`er adj, pron neither; hwaet`er ~e ae_g`~ (ae_g`d`er) g`e~ na_~ (na_wt`er no_wt`er); PC1 hwed`er aegd`er ~ y`e y`e nout`er, Orm whet`t`r ey`y`t`err nowwt`err, AW hwet`er ~es eid`er nowd`er, Owl hwet`er (a) eit`er not`er

hwider adv, conj: whither, to where; nohwider adv to nowhere; nohwiderwardes adv in no direction; hwider na_~; PC2 nowiderwardes, AW hwider no~, Ch whider

hwi_l n f: time, occasion; hwi_le conj, adv while; meanwhile; hwi_lum formerly, once; sometimes; hwi_l ~e ~um; PC1 hwile, hwilon, PC2 wile, Orm whil ~e ~umm, AW hwi_l ~e, MED whilom

hwilc adj/pron: which; ihwilc, ey`hwilc, ae_lc adj, pron each, any, every; each one, everyone; na_t-hwilc pron someone; hwilc` (e/y) ae_g`~ g`e~ nat~, ae_lc`; PC2 hwilc aelc, Orm whillc illc, AW hwuch, Lmn aelc(he); OE hwa_ + li_c` > hwilc`; a_ + g`e + hwilc` > ae_g`hwilc` > ae_lc`; cp swilc

hwi_t adj/n nt: white, albumen; hwi_t ~an; PC1 hwites, AW hwit, Owl hwit, Ch whit (y)

hwo_n adj, n, adv: little, few; trifle; somewhat; hwo_n; MED who_n

ic (I_) pron sg1 nom: I; me_ acc/dat me; mi_n (mi_) gen my, mine; ic` me_ mi_n; PC1 me min(e), PC2 i, Orm icc (I) me min(e) (mi), Lmn ich (ic) me min(e) (mi), Ch ich/I/y me my/myn(e); ON ek; mi_n behaves like an adjective, hence - mi_ne dat/pl; mi_ is generally used before a consonant

ifel adj/n nt: evil, bad, wretched; inferior, defective; ifelen v w ail; yfel ~ian; PC2 yfel/yuel(e), Orm ifell, MED ivel

ilke adj: same; ilca; PC2 ilc(e), Orm illke, AW ilke, Ch ilk(e)

in prep/adv: in; inne(n) adv/prep inside, within; innere adj cmp inner, interior; innerscip n neo internship; in innan inne innera innian; PC2 in inne(n), Orm inn/i inne, MED in (i) inne innen; i often found before consonants; see also bord, fratwe, werpen

in (inn) n m: inn, lodgings, dwelling; apartment, chamber; innes gen/pl inns; inn (in); PC1 in, Orm inn, Lmn in innes

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iron (i_sern) n nt, adj: iron; sword, weapon, fetter, instrument; i_sen (i_ren/i_sern); PC2 iren, Orm irenn, AW ir(e)n, MED i_ren

i_t`e n f: wave, surge; sea; y_t`; Lmn vd`e, AW ut`en, MED i_the

key` n f: key; cae_g`; BB 1175 caey`e, WA 1225 keie, Ch keye, MED keie

king (kining) n m: king; kine~ pref royal; kinelic adj royal; kin n nt; kinnes, kinne family, kin, kindred, race, stock; kinsman; gender; ki_nd n nt/f kind, type, nature, race, generation, birth, origin; iki_nde adj natural, innate; suitable; kennen v w conceive, procreate, beget, produce, create, give birth to; nominate, attribute, assign; kennendlic adj genital; cyning ~do_m, cyne~ ~do_m ~lic`, cyn(n), cynd g`e~e, cenn~an ~end ~endlic ~estre ~ung; PC1 cining king, PC2 king, Orm kingess kinge kinn kinedom mankinne kinde, Lmn king cun ~nes (k) ~ne kine-lond i-cunde kennen; kinges sune Henri_es - King Henry's son

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la_f n m: bread, loaf; lafdiy` n f lady; la_ferd n m lord; hla_f (+ dig`e, weard >) hlae_fdig`e (a_) hla_ford; PC2 lauerd, Orm laf laffdiy` laferrd, Lmn laues lafdie/laeuedi lauerdinges, AW leafdi laverd

land (e) n nt: land, country; ellende, elelendisc adj alien, foreign, strange, exiled; land (o) ellende ele-lendisc; PC2 land ~es, Orm land ~e, MED lond el-lendish

la_ng adj; ~e adv: long; ila_ng, ilenge adj dependent, belonging, related, akin; addicted; at hand; la_ngen v w long for, yearn; la_nget` n m longing, anxiety; leng adv longer; lengre adj cmp; sp lengest longer; lenge, lengt`e n f length; lang ~e ~ot` ~ian, leng ~ra ~est ~(t`)u, g`elang g`elenge; PC1 lengt`e, PC2 lang, leng, Orm lang, Lmn long, leng SO leng ~er

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last n m: footprint, track, trace, spoor; gait, step; pursuit; on laste exp after, behind, in pursuit; ilast n nt observance, accomplishment; duty, obligation, vow; lasten (ilae_sten) v perform, accomplish, fulfill; last, endure; ilastful adj helpful, serviceable; lae_red adj learned, educated; clerical; lae_ren v w teach, instruct, advise, enjoin, persuade; ilaeren v convert; lae_sten v w follow, serve; la_re n f lore, teaching, instruction; lernen v w learn; lerningcniht n m disciple; list n m/f skill, cunning; la_st g`ela_st ~ful, lae_stan g`e~, lae_ran g`e~, la_r, leornian, list; PC2 lastede, lered, Orm lasstenn, laerenn, lare, le(o)rnenn, Lmn lasten (ae) i~, lare, liste, AW leasten, learen, lare, leornin, liste, Ch laste(n), lerne(n), NED last lastfull; 'a_' is shortened in lOE before 'st'

last n nt: burden, load; hlaest; Ch last, MED last

last n f: fault, defect; laest; Orm lasst, Lmn last, MED last; ON löstr

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la_t` adj; n nt: loathsome, hateful, hostile; pain, injury, insult; la_t`en v w tr/intr loathe, be loathed; la_t`lic adj ugly, detestable, disgusting, horrible, repulsive, unpleasant; la_th; PC1 lad`, Orm lat`, Ch lo(o)th

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lae_d n nt: lead, metal; le_ad; Lmn laed, Ch le(e)d

lae_den n nt: Latin, language, utterance; lae_den (e_); Lmn leoden, AW leden

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lae_f n nt: leaf; le_af; Orm laefess, Lmn leaf, Ch le(e)f

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lae_s adj: disloyal, deceitful, false; lax; worthless; le_as; Lmn leas (ae), AW leas

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lae_swe (lae_s) n f: pasture; lae_s lae_swe (e_); PC1 laeswe, Lmn leswa, AW lesewen; OE fem wo-stem; rel scadwe medwe

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lae_ten v s7; le_t le_ten ilae_ten: let, allow, cause; bequeath, assign; alae_ten v forsake, resign, give up, leave; forlae_ten v relinquish, abandon, neglect; lat adj; ~e adv sluggish, slow, reluctant, lax, late; latest adj/adv slowest, latest, last; laten v w linger, delay, hesitate; letten v w; lette hinder, delay, resist; lae_tan (e_ e_ ae_) a~ for~, laet ~ra ~est, lat~e ~or ~ost, (g`e)lettan; PC1 laeten, PC2 leten let/laet, Orm laetenn let letenn, làte, lettet`t`, Lmn late, letted`, AW lat (e), letten, Owl forlete, MED lat(e) latest(e)

ilae_te n m: expression, manner, bearing; g`elae_te; Owl ilete lete, MED ilete

le_d n m: man, compatriot; le_de n f pl people, nation, country; le_den n nt language; le_od ~e, lae_den (e_o/y_); PC1 leod ~e, Orm led ~e, Lmn leod ~e ~en, AW ledene, Gaw lede

le_f: dear; le_fe (ae_) n f leave, permission; le_fen v w allow, permit, grant, concede; ile_fe (ae_) n m belief, faith; ile_fen v w believe, trust; ile_flic (ae_) n m believable, credible; lof n nt; ~en v w glory, renown; praise; lufe n f; ~n v w love; lufsum adj lovable, delightful; oferlufe n adulation; le_of, le_af li_efan, g`ele_af~a ~lic` g`eli_efan, lof ~ian, lufu luf~ian ~sum; PC2 luue luueden luued, Orm lef, lefe, laefe lefenn, loff lofenn, lufe lufenn luffsumm, Lmn leof, lefuen i-leuen, lof, lufde, AW leuet` leuede lefden, leaf ileuen, unlefliche, MED le_f, leve le_ven, lof; le_fer me_ wae_re - I'd rather; me_ is le_f - I prefer

le_sen (on~) v w; le_sede: release, loosen, liberate, redeem, deliver; bele_sen v s2 deprive; forle_sen v s2; lae_s luren iloren lose, abandon; ruin, wear out; lae_s suff, adj ~less; devoid, bereft, without; na_t`elae_s adv/conj nonetheless, nevertheless, notwithstanding; losen v w escape, be lost; fail; perish; li_esan on~, forle_osan (e_a u o), le_as, losian, na_d`y_lae_s (na_d`e~); PC1 losedan, PC2 forles forloren, Orm lesenn, Lmn leosen laes iloren forlorene, losien losede ilosed, AW lesen, leosen leas iloren forlore, losen losede iloset, na t`e les, Ch leesen yloren, loste, nathelees, MED le_sen

li_c n nt: body, corpse; form, likeness; ~lic adjectival suff ~ly, like; ~li_ce adverbial suff ~ly; ili_c adj; ~nes nsimilar, alike; li_ken v w please, appeal; li_c`, lic` li_c`e, g`eli_c` ~nes, li_cian (c`); PC2 lic, lic ~e, Orm lic(h), licc likk, lice like, liccness, likenn, Lmn iliche, lik(i)en, AW lich, ilich (i)licnesse, liked`, MED lich, lic ~e, ilich, li_ken

li_f n m: life; lifen (libbe libben) v w live; on li_fe, ali_fe adj alive; bi_li_fe adv vigorously, swiftly; li_ffasten v w quicken, enliven, endow with life; la_f n f remainder, relic, survivors; lae_fen (be~) v w leave, abandon, cease; li_f, libban (lifian) libbe lifast (eo) lifat` (eo) libbat` lifde (leofode), (g`e)~faestan g`e~faestnian, la_f, lae_fan; PC1 laeuede, PC2 liuen liuede, Orm lif, libbenn lifet`t` lifenn, bilife, bilefenn, Lmn lif, libben/liuien libbe/liuie/leouie liuet`/leoued` lifde/leofede, biliue, laue, (bi-)laeuen laefde, AW liuien/libben liuie/libbe liued` liuede, laue, leauen (bi)leaued` leafde, SO liif, live, blive

lift n m/f/nt: air, atmosphere; lyft; PC1 lyft, Orm lifft, AW luft, MED lift

liht (le_ht) n nt, adj: light; bright, clear; lihten v w tr/intr light, illuminate; grow light; le_me n m brightness, ray, beam; ley` n m flame, fire; li_xan v w shine, flash, glitter, gleam; le_oht (li_ht), li_htan (e_o), li_eg` (e_), le_oma, li_xan; PC2 lihtede, Orm lihht, le(o)m(e), AW liht, lei, leome, Owl liy`t, MED lei (ley`), le_m(e)

limpen v s3; lamp lumpen ilumpen: happen, befall; belong; belimpen v occur, transpire; concern, regard; befit; belimp n nt accident; event, occurrence; limpan be~ (s u u) belimp; PC2 belamp, AW limp~ed` lomp, MED limpen

linnen v s3; lan lunnen ilunnen: cease, desist; lose, yield; linnan (a u u); MED linnen

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listen v w: please; (g`e)lystan; Orm lisste, Owl lust, Ch list; me_ bet listeth - I prefer

li_t n, adv: little, few, small number; li_tel (little) adj, adv little, small, short; slightly; lae_sse adj/adv cmp less, smaller, fewer; lae_st adj/adv sp least; t`e lae_ste conj lest, in case, that not; li_thwo_n adv/n a little, very few; li_tlen v w diminish, lessen; lu_ten v s2; lae_t luten iloten bend, stoop, bow, prostrate; submit, worship; ly_t, ly_tel lae_ssa lae_st t`e ~e, ly_tlian, lu_tan (e_a u o); PC2 litel, Orm litell little, laeste, lutenn, Lmn lut(e), AW least, luten leat, SO lite, Ch lite, litel, leest, MED louten

1 2

li_t`en v s1; la_t` lit`en ilit`en: sail, travel, voyage; la_d (~e) n f way, course; load, carrying; lae_den v w; ledde iled lead, guide, trace; bring, carry; belae_den v lead astray, seduce; lid n nt ship; lide, li_t`end n m sailor, sea-farer; li_t`an (a_ i i) li_t`end, la_d, lae_dan be~, lid ~a; PC2 laed ledden, Orm lit`enn, ledenn ledde, Lmn lid`en lad` ilid`en, laeden lede, AW lade, MED li_then

li_t`e adj/adv: gentle, soft, mild, gracious kind; ili_t`en v w accustom, incline; li_t`iy` adj lithe, flexible, supple; li_t`iy`en v w soften, alleviate, assuage, calm, appease; li_t`e li_t`ig` ~ian g`elit`ian; Orm lit`e, Lmn lid`e, Ch lythe, MED li_then

liy`en (ligg~) v s5; lay` lae_gen iley`en: lie, remain; ley`en (legg~) v w; ley`de lay, place; aley`en v allay, suppress; ley`er n nt lair, bed, grave; orley`e n nt conflict, war, battle; lage n f; ~lic law, ordinance, regulation; -lege suff, n f extent; alderlege n destiny, death; ferhlege n life, lifetime; licgan (ae ae_ e) licge lig`st lig`t` (i_), lecgan a~ leg`de (ae), leg`er, orleg`e, lagu, legu alder~ feorh~; PC1 laei (g) laegen, PC2 lien lai, laeide, Orm lit` lay`y`, leggenn ley`y`et`t` ley`y`de, lay`h`e, Lmn liggen lid` lai laeien ileien, leggen leide, lay`e, AW liggen lid` lei leien ilein, legge leid` leide, lahe, Ch lye(n) (liggen), leye (leggen) leyde (a), MED leir

~ ~

lu_d adj: loud; hlu_d; Lmn ludere, AW lud, Owl lud

1 2

man n m, pron; mannes gen manne dat: person, human, man; one, someone; menpl; mennes gen people, humans; mennisc adj human; menniscnes, menniscla_k n f humanity, incarnation; man(n) mannes men(n) manna mannum, menn~isc ~(lic`)nes; PC2 man mannes men, Orm mann ~ess ~e menn ~ess mennisske mennisscley`y`c, Ch man mannes men mennes, MED man mennish; to_ manne - in human form

maniy` adj: many; meniy`e n f multitude; manig`, menig`u; PC2 mani(e), Orm maniy`, Lmn manie, HR meniu

mark n f; ~en v w: mark, sign, line; boundary, limit; marce n f border, borderlands, frontier; Merce n nt pl Mercia; mearc ~a ~ian g`e~, Mierc`e ~isc; Orm merrke, Lmn marken, AW mearke (e), Ch mark, MED mark, march(e); OE mearc nom mearce acc/gen/dat; ME march(e) from 1225; OFrank > OF marche

mat`el n nt: council, meeting, assembly; advice; speech, interview; mathelen v w talk, speak, harangue, make a speech; maet`el mat`elian (ea); AW mead`el~ed` (a), MED mathelen

ma_t`em (madem) n m: treasure, ornament, jewel, gift; imae_ne adj, adv common, public; together, in common; ma_n n nt crime, wickedness, guilt, sin; ma_na_t` n m perjury, false oath; ima_ne n m community, fellowship, companionship; ma_d`um (ma_dm) ma_d`mes, (g`e)mae_ne, ma_n g`ema_na; PC1 madman, Orm maddmess, imaen, man ~at`, Lmn mad`mes madmes, imane, AW imeane, MED madmes, imene, mon, imone

1 2

May` n m: May; PC1 Maies, Lmn Maei, SO Mai, Ch May; L Maius, AN Mai

1 2

mae_l n nt: meal; time, occasion; mark, sign, cross, ornament; dae_lmae_l adv piecemeal, bit by bit; mae_l dae_l~um; PC1 mael (e), Orm maeless, Lmn mael mele, HA dae_lmae_le

mae_len v w: speak, talk, discuss, narrate, make a speech; mae_lan; Orm maelenn, AW mealed` mealde, MED melen

1 2

mae_nen v w: mean, intend; lament, bemoan, complain; mae_nan; Orm menenn, AW meanen, MED menen

mae_re adj: famous, illustrious; mae_ren v w celebrate, proclaim; mae_rt`e n f fame, glory, exploit; mae_r~e ~an ~d`u; PC2 maere, Orm maere, Lmn maere, MED mere merthe (maerd`e)

mae_t` n f: measure, proportion; restraint, self-discipline, temperance, moderation; capacity, ability; mae_t`en v w restrain, quell, regulate; unmae_t` n intemperance, excess; mae_t`lae_s n unrestrained, importunate; mae_t`lic, mae_t`ful adj temperate, moderate, abstemious; unmae_t`lic adj severe; unmae_t`li_ce adv exceedingly; mae_t` ~lic ~ful ~le_as (g`e)~ian; Orm maet`, Lmn maed`e, AW mead` un~ ~ful ~leas un~lich

mey` n m: kinsman, relation, parent; mey`rae_den n affinity, friendship; mey`t` n f clan, tribe, nation, stock, race, people; mage n m, pref son, young man; youthful; magg (~e) n m man; disciple; ma_ge n f kinswoman, female relative; may`den n nt girl, virgin, maiden; maid, servant; may`t` n f maiden, woman; mae_g` (e_) ma_gas (e_) mae_g`rae_den mae_g`d` (h), magu/maga, maecg(a), ma_ge, maeg`den maeg`t`; PC1 maei, Orm may`y`t`e, may`y`denn, Lmn maei meies, may`e, maiden, BH maey`d`a, mage, Ch mayden, MED mei maeith, moue (may`he)

1 2

me_d n f: reward, endowment, compensation, wages, pay, price, bribe, gift; me_d; Orm mede, AW mede, Ch mede, MED me_de

ime_de n nt, adj: consent, permission, agreement, covenant; agreeable, pleasant, adequate, suitable; a_nme_de n unanimity, concord; g`e~me_de a_n~; MED mede

medeme adj: middling, average; sufficient, considerable, respectable, fit, proper, worthy, trustworthy; medemen v w mete out, allot, assign; moderate; respect, honour; condescend; imedemen v advance, promote; medemlic adj moderate, mediocre, incomplete; adequate, suitable; medemlicnes n f mediocrity; medemnes n dignity, worth; condescension; medem~e (g`e)~ian ~lic` ~lic`nes ~nes; MED medeme ~n

melden v w: to announce, declare, proclaim; divulge, reveal, evince; inform against, call to account, accuse; meldian; MED melden

1 2

mere n f: mare, female horse; miere (e); Owl mere, Ch mere

1 2

mete n m: food; ae_fenmete n dinner, evening meal; morgenmete n breakfast; mete; Orm mete, Lmn mete, AW mete

meten v s5; mat mae_ten imeten: measure, mete; traverse; met n nt measure, size; means, power; imet adj proper, suitable; metend (meted) n m measurer; God, fate; mae_te adj small, moderate, inferior; metan (ae ae_ e), (g`e)met, Metod, mae_te; Orm mett, Lmn mete, AW metet`, met, MED meten (mat)

me_ten v w; me_tte ime_ted/me_t: meet; me_tan me_tte g`eme_ted/met(t); Lmn mete mette, Ch meeten (mete) met, MED me_ten

micel (micl/mikel) adj/adv/n: great, big, intense; much, many, lot, great deal; micelen v w increase, magnify; micellic adj magnificent, splendid, grand; micelnes n size; multitude, abundance; magnificence; ma_ adv, adj additional; more, longer, further; ma_re cmp adj/adv greater, mightier; more; mae_st, ma_st sp adj/adv greatest; most, mostly; u_tmae_st (a_) adj utmost, extreme; mic`el (y) mic(c)le mic`el~e ~ian ~lic ~nes, ma_ ma_ra, mae_st (a_) u_t~; PC1 maest, PC2 micel, ma mare, Orm mikell miccle, ma mare mast, Lmn ma mare maest, AW meast, SO mest/mast, Ch muchel (mikel), mo(o) mo(o)re mo(o)st

1 2

mid prep, adv: with, by means of; at the same time; mid; PC2 mid, Orm midd, Lmn mid

midde (midden, mid) adj, n f, pref: mid, middle, midway, centre; onmidden, to_middes (amidde) prep, adv amid, amidst; in the midst; middel n nt, adj middle, waist; intermediate; midd ~an ~e ~el, on~an to_~es, ~an-g`eard; PC2 midewintredai, Lmn mid-festen middenerde a-midde, Owl amidde

mi_l (mi_le) n f: mile; mi_l; PC1 mile, Orm mile, Lmn mile

mis~ pref: mis~, badly, wrongly, awry, askew; mislic adj various, diverse, unlike; mis~ ~do_n, ~lic`; ~do_n

mo_d n m: heart, mind, mood, spirit; mo_diy` adj spirited, daring, bold, courageous; mo_diy`lic, mo_dful adj proud, haughty; mo_diy`nes n pride, arrogance; a_nmo_dlic adj unanimous, consensual, accordant, concordant, like-minded, of one accord; micelmo_d adj magnanimous; a_nme_dle n nt arrogance, presumption; pomp; mo_d ~ful ~ig` ~ig`lic`, anme_dla; Orm mod ~iy`nesse, Lmn mod, Ch mood

mo_der n f: mother; mo_dor; PC2 moder, Orm moderr, Lmn moder, MED mo_der

1 2

mo_ten v ptpr; mo_t most pr, moste pt: may, be allowed; mo_tan mo_t mo_st, mo_ste; PC2 moste, Orm mot motenn, mosste, Lmn mot most moten, moste

imo_t n nt: meeting, assembly, discussion, debate; forum, online group; g`emo_t; PC1 mot, AW mot, Owl mot

mugen (magen) v ptpr; may` miht, mihte: can, be able; could; ofermugen v prevail, have greater power than; may`en n nt strength, power; moral force; efficacy; may`enfast adj vigorous, strong; miht (maht) n f; (al)~iy` strength, power, might; maeg` miht (ea/ae) magon (ae) mihte, maeg`en (e) ~faest, miht (ea) ael~ig`; PC1 maei magen mihte mihton, PC2 mai mihte (y) muhten, Orm may`y` mihht (a) muy`h`enn mihhte ~st ~n, mahht all~iy` mihht, Lmn maei miht muy`en (a), main, AW mein, mihte, Ch may mowe(n) myghte ~st ~n, myght, MED main

imunen v w; (iman imanst pt pr): remember, consider, keep in mind; mi_nd n f; ~iy` adj thought, mind; imi_nd n f memory, remembrance; imi_ndday` n m anniversary; mine n m; ~lic adj affection, favour, desire; memorial; mingen v w remember; remind, mention; minten v w; minte imint mean, intend; iminten v w resolve; ordain; manen v w admonish, exhort, impel; g`emunan g`eman g`emanst (g`emune g`emont`), mynd g`e~ ~daeg`, myne, (g`e)myndgian (myngian myneg`ian), (g`e)myntan, manian (o/y); PC2 gemunan gemunde, PC2 mint, Orm munndenn, minde, Lmn munien muney`ede, imunten, AW munde, munedai, munien muneget`, i-mint, Gaw mynged, MED imunen, mi_nd(e), min(e), mingen, minten

naddre n f: adder, viper, snake; nae_dre (naeddre/ne_dre); PC2 nadres, Orm neddre, Ch naddres

1 2

name n m: name, adjective; nama; PC1 nama (nam), Orm name, SO name

~ ~ ~

ne_h prep, adj, adv: near; nigh; nearby, nearly; ne_r cmp adv; ~re adjnearer; ne_hst cmp nearest, next; endene_hst adj last, final, extreme; wel ne_h adv almost, virtually; nae_n adv from near by; inae_hwen, nae_lae_cen v w; ~cte approach, draw near; nae_y`en v w approach, accost, address; attack; ne_ah (e_) ne_ar ~ra ni_ehst, endene_hst, ne_an, g`ene_ahwian ne_alae_can nae_g`an; PC2 neh, wel ~, Orm neh(h), ner, Lmn neh, wel ~, neor, nexte, AW neor ~re, neste (x), Ch neigh, ne(e)r, nexte, neighen

ne_tenv s2; nae_t nuten inoten: use, employ, make use of; ne_tsum adj fruitful, thriving; noten v w use, employ, consume, partake; note n f use, enjoyment, benefit, undertaking, business; ne_otan (e_a u o), noti~an ~u; Orm notesst, Lmn neotsume inoted, AW notien, Ch note

net`en adv; be~ prep: beneath, underneath, below; net`er (nit`er) adv; ~ward beneath, below, *downstairs; net`ere adj lower, nether; net`eren adj depress, lower, bring down; neot`an be~, nit`er (eo) ~a ~ian; PC1 bened`an, Orm binet`enn, nit`t`renn, Lmn bi-neod`en, neod`er (i) ~ien, AW neod`er ~a, Ch benethen, nether, MED nethen bi~ nether

ne_we (ni_w~) adj: new; ne_wen adv recently; ni_w~e (e_o) ~en; PC2 neuuae, Orm new ~enn, Ch new(e)

1 2

nigen num: nine; nigente_ne num; nigente_nt`e ord nineteen; nigentiy` num; nigentiget`e ord ninety; nigent`e ord ninth; nigon ~ti_ene (hund)~tig` nigot`a (nigende) nigonte_od`a hundnigonte_ot`a; Orm niy`h`enn niy`h`ennde, Lmn niy`en niy`entene, AW nihe(ne) nihed`e, Ch nyne nyn(e)tene nynety nynthe, PM 1175 ni(y`)ed`e (niy`ende), TH 1200 niged`e, Ayb 1340 ney`ende, GC 1300 niy`entet`e, TB 1398 nyntent`e, MED ni_n ~te_n(e) ~ti_ ~the ~te_nth(e) ~ti_the

ni_gen v s1; na_h nigen inigen: bow, bend, decline, sink, fall; underni_gen v acquiesce; hni_gan

1 2

niht n f: night, darkness; aniht, nihtes adv/gen at night; niht (ea/ae); PC2 niht, Orm nahht nihht, AW niht

iniht n f/nt: abundance, plenty, sufficiency; nihtsum adj; ~nes abundant, plentiful, satisfied, content; nihtsumen v w abound, suffice; g`enyht (i) ~sum ~sumian ~sumnes; MED nihtsumien

nimen v s4 irr; nam (o_) na_men (o_) inumen: take, assume, accept, receive, seize, catch; benimen v deprive, rob; dae_lnimen v partake, participate; fornimen v destroy; undernimen v perceive; niman be~ dae_l~ for~ under~ (a/o_ a_/o_ u); PC1 delnimende, PC2 (be)nam namen, Orm nimenn namm, Lmn nom, SO nam, MED nimen

ni_t` n m; ~ful adj: malice, enmity, spite; violence, persecution, oppression; ni_t` ~ful; Orm nit` ~ful, AW nid`

nort` n/adj/adv; ~erne ~ward: north; nort`en adv from the north; nort` ~an ~erne ~ward; Orm norrt`, Lmn nord`, Owl nort`

nose n f: nose; nosu; HA nosu, Lmn neose, Ch nose

nu_ adv, conj: now; nu_ t`a_ adv presently, currently; nu_; PC2 nu, Orm nu, Lmn nu

of prep/adv: of, from, out of; off, away, absent; afere n m offspring, successor, heir; descendant; aften adv from behind, from the rear; after prep/adv after, along, according to, in pursuit of; afterwards; afterre adj cmp next, latter; aftereste adj sp last; afward (o) adj absent; eft adv, pref again, once more; afterwards, in turn; of, eafora (eafra), aeftan, aefter ~ra aeftresta, aefweard (o), eft (ae); PC2 of, efter (ae), eft, Orm off/o, affterr, efft, AW eft, Ch of, after

ofer prep, adv, pref: over; ofer; PC1 ofer, PC2 ouer, Orm oferr; pref - see ~cumen, ~mugen, ~swi_t`en etc

oft adv; ~er ~est: often; oft; PC2 oft, Orm offte, SO oft

on (a) prep/adv: on, at, in, to, for; on top, onward; on/an; PC2 on, Orm onn/o, AW o(n), Ch on/an/a; Ch an huntyng > ModE a-hunting (we will go)

orped adj: adult, active, valiant, bold; orped ~li_ce; Ayb orped, MED orped

ot` prep: until, up to, as far as; ot`~ pref away, off; ot`-t`at, ot`-t`e conj until; ot`; PC1 od`, HR od`, MED oth ~that

o_t`er adj, ord num: other, second; one of two, another; o_d`er; PC2 ot`er ot`re, Orm ot`err, Lmnot`er

ot`t`e conj: or; od`d`e; PC1 od`d`e, MED oth-the (od`e)

pi_pe n f: pipe; pi_pen v w play on a pipe; peep, cheep, squeak; pi_pe pi_pian; Lmn pipen, MED pi_pe pi_pen

pley`e n m: play, merriment, festivity, drama, sport, movement; pley`en v w play, disport, exercise, move, act out, amuse oneself; pleg`a (ae) pleg`~an (~ian); Lmn pley pleoy`ede, AW pleien, Ch pley

1 2 3

rake n m: rake, hoe; raken v w rake; raca; Ch rake, MED rake

rake n m: throat, jaw; hraca/hrace (hracu); AW rake, MED rake

1 2

ra_sen v w: explore; rasian; Lmn rusien riseden, AW risede

rat`e adv; ~r cmp ~st sp: hastily, quickly, promptly, soon; rad adj, pref quick, prompt, active, nimble; hrad`e hrad`or, hraed (t`); Orm rat`e, Lmn rad`e, raed, Owl rat`e, rad

1 2 3

rae_d adj: red; re_ad; PC1 read, Lmn raed, AW read, Ch red reed

rae_d n m: advice, counsel, resolution, deliberation; benefit, remedy; rae_den v w; rae_dde irae_d (s7 re_d re_den irae_den) advise, deliberate, decide; read; rae_den n f condition, terms, rule, estimation; arae_d adj resolute; arae_den v prophesy, appoint; fastrae_d adj sound, astute; manrae_d (~en) n homage, tribute; unrae_d n; ~iy` adj indiscretion; rae_desman n councillor; rae_dbore n adviser, counsellor; rae_dlic adj advisable; rae_d ~an re_d re_don rae_dde g`erae_d(en), manrae_den; PC2 raed manred, Orm raediy` redenn radde redd, Lmn raed (ea) raeden radde (ae) raedden

rae_we (a_) n f: row, line, succession; rae_wed v w arranged in rows; ra_wen v w cut in strips; rae_w (a_) ~ed, ra_wan; AW rawe (ea), Ch rewe (o), MED reue

reccen (recken) v w irr; rohte: care, care for, heed; correct, reprove, judge, decide, direct, control, rule, govern; reccelae_s adj reckless; reccelic (reclic) adj methodical, direct, straight, detailed, circumstantial; reccend, reccere n ruler, guide, teacher, director; reccendo_m n rule, governance, oversight; reccennes n f direction, correction; rec`c`an rohte re_c`elae_s reclic` (rec`c`elic`) rec`c`~end ~endo_m (~ennes) ~ere; PC1 rohton, Orm rekkenn recket`t` rohhte, Lmn recchest rohte, Ch recche rekke roghte recheles; hwat me_ reccet` - what does it matter to me; OE reccen overlapped with both rae_can and rekenian - separated here somewhat to avoid confusion

re_den v s2; rae_d ruden iroden: adorn; hre_odan (e_a u o)

redden v w; redde ired; a~: save, rescue, recover, deliver, set free; hreddan a_~; Orm reddenn redde, AW redd, MED redden

reked n m: building, palace, hall; reced

rekenen (reknen) v w: count, reckon, calculate; recount, narrate, explain, interpret, tell; rekenere n money changer; rekennes (irekednes) n f account, narrative, history, interpretation; rake n f account, recounting, exposition, narrative, observation; path, track, passage; ae_rendrake n messenger, ambassador; recenian recednes (recennes), racu; Orm reccnenn, AW rikenin rikeneres, Ch rekenen/rekne rekned, MED rake/race

re_n n nt: ornament; re_nen v w prepare; ire_nen v arrange; adorn; (g`e)re_nian; MED re_nen

reps n m: response; ireps n nt blame, reproof, guilt; repsen v w blame, reprove; reps g`eresp (*g`ereps) repsan; MED reps; response in a church service - L responsorium

rerd n f/nt: voice, speech, outcry, clamour; meal, food; rerden v w speak, dine; irerd n language; elrerdiy` adj barbaric; rerdhu_s n nt eating room, refectory, *restaurant; (g`e)reord ~ian el~(ig`) ~hu_s; Orm rerd, Lmn reordien elreordi, Owl rorde (eo), MED rerd(e) i~ ~en ireordunghus

re_t` n m: victory, glory, fame, triumph, honour; re_t`en v w exult, rejoice; ro_t`~ pref glory, fame; ro_t`y`erele n crown; hre_d` hre_d`an hro_d`g`irela ro_d`hund Hro_t`gar; Rodger, Roger; hrod`- is only found in proper names and a couple of compound words

re_wen v s2 tr; rae_w ruwen irowen: distress, grieve; re_w n f; ~ful regret, sorrow, penitence; re_wlic adj; ~nes grievous, pitiful; re_wsen v w intr repent, feel pity, feel sorrow; hre_ow ~an (ea_ u o) ~(s)ian ~lic` ~ful; Orm reowet`t` raew, AW reowed`, Ch rewe, MED reuen reusen; me_ re_wet`: I regret

ri_ce adj, n nt: powerful, high ranking; kingdom, dominion, authority; kineri_ce n kingdom; ri_csen v w rule, tyrannise; ri_ce, ri_csian (x); PC2 rice, rixan, Orm riche, Lmn riche, MED ri_xen

riht n nt, adj: right, privilege, justice; correct, straight; rihten (i~) v w direct, amend, correct; rihtwi_snes adj impartiality, integrity; rae_cen v w irr; rahte reach, stretch; riht ~e, (g`e)rihtan, rae_can v w rae_hte (a_); PC2 rihte, Orm rihhte, Lmn raechen, AW riht, reached` rahte, Ch reche raughte

rime n m: rim, edge, border; day`~ n daybreak, dawn; sae_~ n coast; rima daeg`~ sae_~; Owl dai-rim, MED rime

ri_nen v s1; ra_n rinen irinen: touch; *unri_nendlic adj neo untouchable; hri_nan (a_ i i); Orm ran, AW rinen ran, MED ri_nen

ring n m: ring; link, fetter; ringen v w ringde iringed; s3 rang rungen i`rungen provide with rings; surround; ring, sound; hring ~an; PC1 ringden, Orm ringenn, Lmn ringe ringeden (rongen) i-rungen, MED ringen (rang/ringde rungen/ironge); hringan is weak in OE; strong forms by analogy with singen from 1225

rink n m: man, warrior, soldier; rank adj proud, overbearing; strong; rinc, ranc; Orm rannc, Lmn rinkas, Gaw renk, MED rink, rank

1 2

risen v w: shudder, tremble; hrisian; Lmn rusien riseden, AW risede

1 2

ri_sen v s1; ra_s, risen irisen: rise, prevail, stand, be fit, be proper; ari_sen v arise, accrue; ri_san (a_ i i); PC2 risen, Orm risenn ras, AW arised`, Ch risen roos risen

ri_s n nt: twig, branch; hri_s; AW ris, SO ris, MED ri_s

ro_t`er n m: joy, pleasure, solace, benefit; hrod`or

sal n nt: hall, room, chamber; drink~ n bar; be_r~ n pub, public bar; wi_n~ n wine bar; seld n nt palace, residence; throne, seat; iselde n m companion, cohabitor, roommate; sele n m house, dwelling; lae_fsele n bower of leaves; sael, sele le_af~; Lmn selde, Gaw sale, MED sal(e), selde

(~)

sa_r n nt, adj: pain, wound, sore, suffering; sore, painful; sa_riy` adj sad, sorry; sa_r ~ig`; PC1 sar ~i, Orm sariy`, AW sar ~i, Ch so(o)ng

sarwe (sare) n nt: device, contrivance, artifice, apparatus, machine; skill, cunning, trick, snare; sarwen v w deceive, dissimulate, cheat; serwen v w equip, fit out; contrive, devise, plan, plot; searo searwes, searwian, sierwan; MED sirwen

Saterday` (Satern~) n m: Saturday; Saetern~daeg` (Saeter~/Saeternes~); Orm Saterrday`y`, Ch Saterday/Saturday; L Saturnus, Saturni dies > OE Saetern~, ModE Saturn

say`en (sey`/segg~) v w; say`de: say; foresay`en v predict; isay`en n f legend, tale, statement; seggen saeg`t` saeg`de, g`esaeg`en; PC2 saegen saede, Orm sey`y`en segge sey`y`t` sey`y`de, Lmn saeid` saide, AW seggen seid` seide, Ch sayn sayde

scapen v s6; sco_p sco_pen iscapen: create, fashion, shape; allot; iscap n nt; ~ennes n f form, shape, creation; scaft (i~) n f creature; destiny, allotment; ~scipe suff -ship; property, state; scieppan (o_ o_ a), g`esceap, (g`e)sceaft, -scipe; Orm shapet`t` shop shapenn, shaffte, Lmn scop, AW schaft, Ch shapen shop shape, MED -ship(e) (-scipe)

scat`e n m: injury, harm, hurt; criminal, foe, warrior; scat`en (skat`~) v w injure, harm, scathe; sc`ead`~a ~e ~ian, (g`e)sc`ed`d`an (o_ o_ ea),; skad`a; Orm unnshat`iy` ~nesse skat`elaes, skat`~esst ~edd, Lmn scad`e, Ch scathe/schat`e, MED shathe i_shathnes scath(e) scet`t`e, scathen shathien scet`t`en

sce_ (heo) pron sg3 nom: she; hire acc/gen/dat her, hers; he_o hi_e hire; PC1 heo, PC2 scae hire, Orm y`h`o hire, Lmn heo/y`e hire, AW heo/ha hire, Owl h(e)o hire, SO sche (hye) hir, Ch she hir(e)/her(e); possible developments - OE se_o (si_e) def > */sje:/ > */S`e:/ ?, OE he_o (hi_e) pron > */hje:/ > */C``e:/ ?; cp Hav sho, Gaw scho

scae_wen v w: look, observe, examine; show, indicate; scae_were n m observer, spectator; mirror; lae_sscae_were n spy; sce_ne adj beautiful; bright; sc`e_awian g`e~, sc`e_awere le_as~, sc`i_ene; PC1 scawe, Orm shaewenn, shene, Lmn scaewede, scene, AW scheawen, schene

sce_ten v s2 tr/intr; scae_t scuten iscoten: shoot, launch; rush, dart; atsce_ten v escape, disappear, pass away; scot n nt shot, shooting, rush; iscot n tribute, payment, contribution, tax; scatt n m treasure, money, wealth, property; coin; sc`e_otan (e_a u o) aet~, sc`ot g`e~, sc`eatt; PC1sceattas, Orm shetenn, Lmn sceoten scaet scuten iscoten, MED she_ten, shot i~, shat

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scip n m: ship, boat, sea-going vessel; scip scipu; PC1 scipa, Lmn scip ~e, AW schip, Ch ship

scop n m: minstrel, singer, poet; sc`op (eo); Lmn scopes, MED scop

scoppe n m: shop, booth, workshed; *scoppen v w neo shop, go shopping; sceoppa; Ch shoppe, MED shoppe

scri_fen v s1; scra_f scrifen iscrifen: confess, make confession; absolve, hear confession; scri_fan (a_ i i); Orm shrifenn, Lmn scriuen scraf, AW schriue schraf ischriuen

sculen v ptpr; scal scalt, sculde (o): must, have to, shall, be obliged; should; scild n f offence, fault, crime, guilt; scildiy` adj guilty; sc`ulan sc`eal sc`ealt sc`ulen sc`(e)olde, (g`e)sc`yld ~ig`; PC2 sculde, Orm shall shallt shulenn shollde, Lmn scal scalt scullen, AW schulde

se_n (sehen) v s5 irr, n f; se_ se_t` (sehe seht`), sah sae_gen isegen: see, perceive; vision; bese_n v look, watch; provide; ferse_n n neo television; forse_n v reject, overlook; forese_n v foresee; ise_n v observe; ise_ne adj evident, apparent, visible; t`urhse_n v perceive; siht` n f sight, vision, aspect; besiht` n f provision; se_on se_o siehst sieht` (si_t`), seah sa_won (sae_gon) sewen (segen), si_en g`esi_ene, sihd` be~ g`e~; PC1 sed` (eo) saegon/sawon segon, Orm seo sest set` (eo), sahh saey`h`enn sey`h`enn, t`urrhset`, sihht`e, AW sihd`e, Owl sen isene, Ch se_(n) seyen/sawe, MED se_n (seiy`en, se_ghe); cp ifehen (fe_n)

sae_ n m/f: sea; Sae_land n nt Zealand; e_ger n nt; ~strae_m flood, high tide; sea; holm n m wave, sea, ocean; mere n m; ~stre_t sea, ocean; lake, pond, pool; su_nd n nt swimming; sea, ocean, sound; sae_, e_gor ~stre_am, holm, mere ~strae_ta, sund; PC2 sae, Orm sae, marr, Lmn sae, sund, MED mere

se_cen v w irr; sohte: seek, search; bese_cen v beseech, entreat; t`urhse_cen v scour, scrutinise; sake (sac) n f dispute, strife, contest, cause, sake, trial, prosecution, lawsuit; conflict, battle, feud, sedition; andsac n denial, refusal, resistance; abjuration; andsake, isake, wit`ersake n adversary; denier, apostate; saken v s6; so_k so_ken isaken dispute, wrangle, strive, contend, compete; forsaken v forsake, reject, desist, object; so_ken n f inquiry, inspection, search, persecution; jurisdiction; se_c`an sohte be~, sacu saecc sacan (o_ o_ a) for~, and~saca ~saec g`esaca, so_cn; PC1 saca, socne, Orm sekenn t`urrh~ sohht, sake forrsoc forrsokenn forrsakenn, Lmn sake forsaken, socn, AW seched`, Owl sechet`, Ch seche(n) (k), soken

sefe n m: mind, spirit, heart, understanding; sefa

sefen num: seven; sefente_ne num; sevente_nt`e ord seventeen; sefentiy` num; sefentiget`e ord seventy; sefent`e ord seventh; seofon ~ti_ene (hund)~tig` ~-te_od`a (~teoged`a) hund~tigod`a, seofot`a; PC1 seoued`ende, Orm se(o)fenn/seffne sefennde seofenntiy`, Lmn seouen ~tene, AW seuene seoued`e seouenti, Ch seven~e ~nth(e) ~tene, VH 1150 seofod`e, LH 1225 seofed`e, Hav 1300 seuen~t`e ~tent`e, GC 1300 seuentit`e, StA 1350 seuentet`e, MED seven ~the ~te_n(e) ~ti_ ~te_nthe ~ti_the

segg n m: man, warrior, knight, follower; reed; ga_rsegg n ocean; secg, ga_r~; Lmn seg segges, MED segge

se_k adj: sick; se_oc; PC1 seoc, Orm sec, AW sec seke, Ch seke

se_l (sae_l) n m/f, adj; ~t` n f: occasion, opportunity, time; happiness, joy, good fortune, prosperity; good, brave, skilled; fitting; ise_liy` adj; ~e fortunate, happy, blessed; se_lre adj cmp better; se_lest adj sp best; ise_lth n f discretion, prudence; isae_len v w befall, turn out favourably; sae_l (e_) (g`e)~t` g`e~ig`(e) g`e~an, se_l ~ra ~est; Orm sel sellt`e, Lmn sel iseli sel~ere ~est, MED se_l(e) ise_li(y`) se_lthe i~

self pron; ~e dat/pl: self, same; self; PC1 selue, Orm sellf ~e, Lmn seolf

sellen v w irr; sa_lde: give, supply, sell; give up; sellan (eo/i/y) sealde (g`e)seald; PC1 saelde, Orm sellenn, Lmn seollen salde, AW sullen salde, Ch selle(n) solde

en ~

sex num: six; sexte_ne num; sexte_nt`e ord sixteen; sextiy` num; sextiget`e ord sixty; sexte ord sixth; siex ~ta ~tig`, sixty_ne (e_), sixte_od`a sixteogod`a (i); PC1 sex sixtiga, Orm sexe sex~tene ~tiy` ~te, Lmn sixe six~tene ~ti, AW six ~tene ~tend`e, SO sexti, Ch sixe sexti, VH 1150 sixtuged`en, WB 1382 sixtithe, MED six ~te_ne ~ti_ ~te ~e_nthe ~i_the

si_fre (si_fer~) adj: clean, pure, chaste; sober, abstinent, temperate; si_ferae_te adj abstemious; si_fernes n f cleanliness, purity, sobriety, moderation; sy_fre si_fer~ae_te ~lic ~nes; MED si_fre

singen v s3; sang sungen isungen: sing; sa_ng n m song, psalm, poem; singan (a u u), sang; PC1 sang sungen, Orm singet`t` sungenn, sang, Lmn singen isunge, song

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sinken v s3; sank sunken isunken: sink; sincan (a u u); Orm sinnket`t` sunnkenn, AW sinken sunken

sink n nt: treasure, ornament; sinc

sit`en (sit`t`e) adv/conj: afterwards, after, subsequently, since; si_t`, si_t`re comp adv; si_t`est later; afterwards; sit`t`a(n) (eo/y), si_d` ~or ~est ~li_c`e; PC2 syt`en, Orm sit`t`enn, sit`reCh sithen, MED si_theli_

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si_t` n m: journey, venture, adventure, exploit; time, occasion; si_t`en v w journey; isi_t` n companion; midsi_t`en v accompany; isi_t`scipe n company, fellowship, society; senden v w; sende isend send; asenden v send off, *submit; si_t` ~ian g`e~ mid~ian g`e~~scipe, sendan sende g`esend; PC2 senden, Orm sit`e, senndenn sennde sennd, Lmn sid` ~en, MED si_th ~en

sitten v s5; sat sae_ten iseten: sit; besitten v surround, besiege; setten v w; sette iset set, seat, place, arrange; besetten v appoint, adorn, invest; sadel n m saddle; sae_te n m sitting, session; region, site, land-holding; sess n m seat, bench; set n nt seat, camp; iset, sae_t n nt; f ambush, snare; setel n nt seat, stall, bench, sitting, throne; place, residence, abode; setle n assessor, judge; companion; setlen v w tr settle, place, put; isetel n nt assembly; sittan be~ (ae ae_ e), settan be~ sette g`eset(t), sadol, sae_t(a), sess, (g`e)set, setl (setol) g`e~ ~an; PC2 sitten besaet, sette, setle, Orm sittenn satt saetenn, setten be~, saete, Lmn sat saeten seten, setten sette iset, sadele, saettele, AW sitten, setten, seotel, MED setle, sete

siy`e (siger) n m; ~fast adj: victory, success, triumph; sig`e sigor ~faest; PC1 sige, Orm siy`e siy`y`efasst, Lmn siy`e

en ~

sla_w adj: slow, slothful, sluggish; sla_wen v w avoid, neglect, be slow to act; sla_w; Orm slaw, AW slaw, MED slou ~en

slae_n (slahen) v s6 irr; slae_ slae_t` (slahe slaht`), slo_h slo_gen islay`en (g): strike; slay; beat, forge; islae_n v win, gain, conquer; sleht n m/nt stroke, blow; slaughter; (g`e)sle_an (sla_n) slieht` (slae_ht`) slo_h slo_gon g`eslaeg`en/slagen, slieht (ea); PC2 sloghen, Orm slaen/slan slast slaet`/slat` sloh sloy`h`enn slay`enn, Lmn slaen slaed` sloh sloy`en, slehte (ae), AW slead` sloh slohen, slaht, Ch slee(n) slough/slow slowe(n) slayn/slawe, MED sle_n, slaught; pOE *slahan; cp Goth/OSax/OHG slahan, OFrs sla, ON sla__; cp flae_n (flahen)

sle_pen v s7 (w); sle_p sle_pen isle_pen (slepte islept): sleep; sle_p n m sleep; slae_pan (e_ e_ ae_) (slepte g`eslept), slae_p; PC2 slepen slep, Orm slaepenn slepptenn, Lmn slaepen slaep(te), AW slepen slepte, MED sle_p ~en

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slo_h n m: mire, mudhole, swamp; slo_ges gen/pl mudholes, swamps; slo_h (slo_g) slo_ges/slo_s; AW sloh, Ch slow/slough

sni_t`en v s1; sna_t` sniden isniden: cut; make an incision, hew; slaughter, sacrifice; snīd`an (a_ i i); Orm snit` snat`, MED sni_then

snoter adj; ~nes n f ~scipe n m: clever, prudent, intelligent, cunning; snittre n f cleverness, prudence, sagacity; snotor ~nes ~scipe, snyttru; Orm snoterr, MED snoter

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so_n n m: sound; so_ncraft n music; so_n; AW seon, Ch soun, MED soun (son)

so_ne adv: soon, immediately; eftso_ne adv soon after, again; so_na eft~; PC2 sona efsones, Orm sone, MED sone eft-so_ne(s)

sorge (h) n f; ~ful: sorrow, grief, care; sorgen v w be sorry, grieve, care; sorg (h) ~ful ~ian; Orm serry`he serrhfull, Lmn sorh sor(h)y`e, sory`eden, AW sorhe, sorhin, MED sorwe (sorge), sorwen (zory`en)

so_t` n nt, adj; ~lic adj: truth, reality; true; se_t`en v w declare, affirm, testify; sinne n f; ~iy` ~ful ~lae_s adj sin; sinnen (siny`~) v w sin, transgress; so_t` ~lic`, se_d`an, syn(n) ~ig` ~lic` ~le_as synna, sinnian sing`ian (g); PC1 sod`, PC2 sotlice, sinnes, Orm sot`, sinne, sinny`h`et`t`, AW sunegen, Owl sot`, sunne, sunegi, Ch synneth, MED so_th, sinne, se_then, sinnen (sinwen)

spe_d n f: success, luck, prosperity, abundance; speed; spe_den v w; spedde succeed, prosper; afford; assist; spe_d ~an; PC2 spedde, Orm spedenn, Ch speden spedde; he_ spe_det` to_ it - he can afford it

speken (spreken) v s5; spak spae_ken ispeken: speak; ferspeken v neo telephone, speak by phone; forespeke n advocate, mediator, intercessor, sponsor; forespeken adj, v aforesaid, aforementioned; intercede; onspeken v accuse, address; onspeke, onspekend n accuser, claimant; to_speken v address; spe_c (sprae_c) n f speech, discourse, language; forespe_c n advocacy; u_tspe_c n neo pronunciation; sprecan on~ to_~ (specan) (ae ae_ e) onspeca onspecend forespreca, sprae_c`(e) (spae_c`/spre_c`) fore~; PC2 spac, Orm spekenn spacc spaekenn, spaeche, Lmn speche (ae), AW speche, Ch speke(n) spak; cp ModG Aussprache, ModDu uitspra_k

standen v s6 irr; sto_d sto_den istanden: stand; atstanden v make a stand, remain, resist; forstanden v be of use, avail, protect, defend; prevent, oppose; stae_l n m place, position; stae_len v w institute, found; impute, avenge; stall v w place, foundation, site; stall; istall n m/nt frame, structure; istalle n m companion; stat` n nt bank, shore; stat`el n m foundation, framework, base; stat`elen v w establish, fix; confirm; stede n m place, site, stead; burhstede n city; castle; webstede n neo web site; stellen v w irr; stalde put, place, pack; set, establish, institute; eftstellen v neo reset; istald n nt dwelling, habitation; stemne (stefne) n m stem, trunk, foundation; prow, stern; stemnetten n m stand firm; stille adj still, silent, motionless, meek; sto_l n m stool, seat, chair; standan standet`/stent, sto_d sto_don g`estanden aet~ for~, stae_l ~an, steall g`e~ g`e~e, staet`, stad`ol (g`e)~ian, stede ~faest burg~, stefn (stemn) ~ettan, stellan stealde, stille, sto_l; PC2 forstode, Orm stannd~enn ~et`t` (stant) stod stodenn unnderr~ stede stille, Lmn stat`el stol stat`e, Ch stonde(n) (a) stont/stondeth stede stille stol, AW stalde istald, MED stathelen stal(le) stem(me), stellen stolde; also - under~standen *u_t~ with~; rel stellen sto_w, ModE staddle

stefne (stefen) n f/m: voice, sound; message, summons, turn; ne_we stefne adv anew, again; stefn, ni_wan ~e; PC1 stefne, Orm steffne, AW steuene/stefne, Ch stevene

step- pref: step; step-mo_der n f stepmother; ste_op-mo_dor -sunu etc; Lmn steop-moder step-sune, MED step-barn -bro_ther -chi_ld -doughter -fader -mo_der -sone -suster

steppen v s6 irr; sto_p sto_pen istapen: step, go, advance; stape n step; steppan (ae) (o_ o_ a) staepe stapas; Lmn steppen stop, Owl stape (ea), Ch stopen (a) steppes, MED steppen step

sterfen v s3; starf sturfen istorfen: die, starve; steorfan (ea u o); PC2 sturuen, AW steorued` stearf istoruen, Ch sterue starf ystorue

stihten v w: arrange, direct, rule; astihten v to determine, decree, agree upon; stihtan a_~; MED stighten

sto_w(e) n f: place, locality, spot; ae_rdingsto_w n dwelling, residence, abode, lodging; websto_w n neo website; sto_w eardung~; Lmn stowe, Owl eardingstowe, MED stou(e); caep~

strand n nt: beach, seashore; strand; Orm strande, Lmn stranden, Ch strondes

strae_m n m: stream, current, river; stre_am; Lmn straem, Ch stre(e)m

streccen v w irr; strahte: stretch, extend, straighten; strec`c`an streahte; Lmn streahte (a), AW streched` strahte, Ch strecchen straughte

stre_n n nt: gain, acquisition, property, treasure; traffic, usury; procreation; stre_nen v w acquire, gain, amass; increase, augment; beget; stre_on (g`e)stri_enan (e_o/y_); Orm stren (eo) ~enn ~edd, Lmn streone streonede, AW streon ~ed`, MED stre_n ~en

stre_t (ae_) n f: street, road; strae_t (e_); Orm straete, AW strete, MED stre_t

stu_nd n f: hour; moment, period, time; stund; Orm stund, Lmn stunde, Ch stounde

sum adj, pron, suff: some, a certain; one, someone; sume adj pl some, certain; some people, certain ones; sumes gen? little, a little; somewhat, to some extent; simble adv always, continually, continuously; sin~ pref continual, perpetual, permanent, immense; sum, sin-, simble; PC2 sum ~e, Orm summ, Ch som, MED simle (simble)

sune n m: sun; sunu; PC2 sune, Orm sune, Lmn sune

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su_nd (i~) adj: sound, safe; g`esund; Orm sund, Lmn sund

sunne n f: sun; Sunnenday` n m Sunday; sunne, Sunnandaeg`; PC2 sunne, Sunnen daei, Orm sune sunness, sunennday`y`, Lmn sunne

su_t` n/adj/adv; ~erne ~ward: south; su_t`en adv from the south; su_t` ~an ~erne ~ward; Orm Sut`, Lmn sud`

swa_ adv/conj: so, as; swa_ t`ae_h adv nevertheless; swa_; PC2 swa, Orm swa, MED so_

swa_men v w intr: darken, become dark; aswa_men abate, cease, die away; swa_mian a_~

swelten v s3; swalt swulten iswolten: die, perish; swoon, faint; sweltan (ea u o) sweltet`/swylt; PC1 swelte swulten, Orm swelltenn swallt swulltenn, Lmn swelten swaelt

swencen v w; swencte: torment, oppress, afflict; swenc`an swencte; PC2 suencten, Orm swennchenn, AW swenchen; causative of swinken

swerd: sword; sweord (u/y/o); PC1 sweord, Orm swerd, SO swerd

swet`ren v w intr: retire, vanish, melt, abate, dwindle, decrease, subside; iswet`ring n failure; swed`rian g`eswed`rung

swey` n m: melody, song; sound, din, clamour; swey`en v w roar, crash, rush, hurry; swo_gen v s7; swe_h swe_gen iswo_gen swoon, faint; to sound, roar, rustle, rattle; aswo_gen v choke; swe_g` ~an, swo_gan (e_o e_o o_) a_~; Orm suhhy`henn, Lmn iswoy`en, BH 1175 swey`e, MED swei, swouen

swilc adj/pron: such; swilc hwilc conj such as; alswilc adj just such; alswilc alse conj just as; swilc` (ae/e/y, swa_li_c); PC2 suilc alsuic, Orm swillc swillke, MED swich; OE alt swylc` > ME alt swu(l)ch > ModE such

swi_t` adj: strong, powerful, active; swi_t`e adv very, quite, greatly, severely; swi_t`re adj cmp right, right hand; swi_t`en v w strengthen; oferswi_t`en v overcome, overpower, conquer, vanquish; excel, surpass; unoferswi_t`endlic adj invincible, unconquerable; swi_t` ~e ofer~an ofer~endlic`; PC1 swid`e, PC2 suythe, Orm swit`e, Ch swithe

~ ~

1 2 3

te_hen (te_n) v s2 tr/intr; te_he te_ht` (te_ te_t`), tae_h tugen itogen: draw, tow, tug; withdraw, go; draw near, approach; ~toge n m, suff leader; te_on (e_a u o) ty_hst tie_ht` (e_), ~toga; AW teon teod` tuhen, MED te_n (tegh te_d`/tihd` tgen togen); pOE *te_ohan; cp OS tiohan, OHG ziohan; cp fle_n

tellen v w irr; ta_lde: tell, inform, recount; to reckon, count; bi_tellen v speak for, defend, justify, excuse; untellendlic adj incalculable; tellan tealde; PC2 tellen un~dlice, Orm tellenn talde tald bitellenn, Lmn tellen bi~

1 2 3 4

te_n num: ten; t`rite_ne num thirteen; te_nt`e (te_t`e) adj tenth; t`rite_nt`e (t`rite_t`e)adj thirteenth; ti_en te_ot`a t`re_o~ti_ne (i_e/y_) t`re_o~te_ot`a; PC1 ten(n) t`reotted`an, Orm tene tende, Lmn ten(e), AW t`reotud`e, MED ten thri_te_ne te_nthe (te_t`e); fower~te_ne, fif~, sex~, sefen~, ehte~, nigen~; fower~te_nt`e etc

te_n v w: prepare, furnish, arrange, adorn, deck; te_on

te_ne n m: insult, injury; te_nen v w harm, harrass, annoy, oppress, torment, distress; ofte_nen v anger; te_ona te_onian; Orm tene, Ch tene, MED te_ne te_nen of~

1 2

t`a_ adv, conj: then, when, at that time; t`a_; PC2 t`a, Orm t`a, Ch tho

t`afen (i~) v w: allow, permit, approve, consent, agree to, submit to; endure, tolerate, suffer; it`afe n m supporter, helper, favourer; (g`e)d`afian ged`afa; NED i-thave

t`aht n nt: advice, counsel; it`aht n f/nt consideration, deliberation; design, contrivance, scheme; council, assembly; t`ahten (i~) n f/nt ponder, consider, deliberate; counsel; it`ahte, it`ahtend, it`ahtere n adviser, counsellor; it`ahtendlic adj deliberative; t`eaht (g`e)t`eahtian g`et`eaht~a ~end ~ere ~endlic`

1 2

t`an (t`onne) conj: than; t`onne (t`anne/t`on); PC2 t`an(ne), Orm t`ann, Ch then/than(ne), MED than

t`ank (i~) n m: thanks, gratitude, reward; thought, mind, reflection; t`anken v w thank; t`ankes adv willingly, volition; unt`ankes adv/n unwillingly; unwillingness; t`ankwurth adj acceptable, memorable; aft`ank n m insult, offence; displeasure; t`enken (c) v w irr; t`ohte think, intend; bet`enken (c) v consider, reflect; t`inken (c) v w irr; t`uhte seem, appear; oft`inken (c) v offend, insult, grieve; t`oht (i~) n nt idea, thought; t`anc (o) ~ian ~ian ~weort` aef~ g`e~, t`enc`an be~ t`o_hte, t`ync`an of~ t`u_hte; PC2 t`ankes, Orm t`annkenn (unn)t`annkess, t`ennkenn t`ohhte t`ohht, t`innket`t` t`uhhte, AW t`enchen, t`unched` t`uhte, Owl t`inkt` (t`unch) t`uy`te of~, Ch thank (o) thanke(n), thenke(n) (ch), thynke(n)

t`anne (t`onne) adv: then, when; t`onne (t`anne/t`on); Orm t`anne (t`ann/t`ane), AW t`enne, Ch than(ne)/thenne, MED thanne

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t`e def: the; t`at dem pron/adj nt, conj that; which; t`a_ dem pron/adj pl those; t`as adv/dem pron gen afterwards, thence, accordingly; t`as t`e conj after, since; fort`i_, fort`an (fort`ae_m) conj therefore, consequently; fort`i_ t`at conj because; mid t`ae_m t`e conj when; se t`one t`aes t`ae_m t`y_ t`aet se_o t`a_ t`ae_re t`a_ t`a_ra t`a_m, t`aet(te), for~t`ae_m (~t`a_m ~t`an ~t`on), mid t`ae_m t`e, for thae_m a_nes, ford`y_ ~ t`aet; PC1 fort`an, PC2 t`e t`at (ae/e) t`a fort`i t`aet, Orm t`e t`att t`a forrt`i ~ t`att, Lmn t`at t`a fort`an (o/ae) ~ t`at for t`, Owl for t`an t`at, Ch the that tho

t`e conj: that, which; t`e; PC2 t`e, Orm t`e, MED the

t`ae_h, t`oh adv, conj: though, although, however; t`ohhwet`ere adv nevertheless; t`e_ah,; t`o_ *t`auh; PC1 t`eah, PC2 t`oh, t`ohuet`ere (ae), Orm t`ehh, t`ohh, t`ohhwhet`t`re, Lmn t`aeh, t`oh, Owl t`ey`

t`ae_r adv: there, where; t`aer fore adv for that purpose; therefore; t`ae_rmid adv thereby, therewith; t`ae_rrihte adv at once, immediately; t`ae_rto_ adv besides, in addition; for that purpose, pertaining to it; t` ae_r ~aet ~ big` ~in(ne) ~mid ~of ~on ~to_; PC1 t`aer ~ fore, PC2 t`aer (e) tharof, Orm t`aer ~fore ~ fra ~off(e) ~one, Chther ~ fore, MED ther -at -mid -from -of -on -to_; t`ae_r t`ae_r - there where

t`e_d n f: people, nation, tribe, ethnic group; land, region, realm; it`e_de n language, speech; t`e_den v w, n m join, associate; prince; elt`e_d n strange people, foreign nation, foreigners; elt`e_diy`, elt`e_disc adj strange, foreign; barbarous, hostile; exiled; elt`e_diy`e adv abroad; undert`e_den v subjugate, add; addict, addicted; t`e_od g`e~e (g`e)~an under~an el~ el~ig`(lic`) el~isc; PC1 t`eode, PC2 undert`eden, Orm t`e(o)d ~e, Lmn t`eod, Owl t`eode, MED the_d(e) the_den; PC1/Orm/Owl t`eode pl

t`ey`n n m: servant, minister, retainer, vassal, follower, courtier; t`ey`nen v w administer, serve; t`eg`n ~ian; PC1 t`eignes/d`aeines, Lmn t`ein

t`enden conj/adv: meanwhile, while, as long as, until; t`enden

t`enen (t`anen) adv: thence, from there; t`anon (t`onon t`eonen t`anane); PC1 t`e(o)non t`anon, Lmn t`eonene t`enene(n) t`enne(n), Ch thenne ~s thens, MED thenne ~s; eME t`enen + ~es gen > eME t`ennes | cp eME ay`ean ~es, ModE I work nights = I work at night (nightly)

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t`ider adv; ~ward: thither, to there; t`ider ~weard; PC2 t`ider, Orm t`iderr, Lmn t`ider

t`i_hen (t`e_n) v s1 irr; t`i_he t`i_ht` (t`e_ t`e_n), t`a_h t`igen (u) it`igen (o/it`ungen): thrive, flourish, prosper, grow, increase, ripen; fullt`ungen (~t`igen) adj adult, grown-up; OE (g`e)t`e_on t`i_hd` t`e_ot`/t`i_gat` t`a_h/t`e_ah t`igon/t`ugon t`igen/t`ogen/t`ungen, fullt`ungen; Lmn t`eh it`eon it`aeh id`oy%en, Ch then thee ythe, MED the_n i~ (t`eah d`ogen t`ogen); ProtG thinhana s3 > OS/OHG thi_han; shifted to s1 in most daughter languages, but OE has both sets of forms

t`ing n nt: thing, matter, affair; cause, motive, reason; creature, object; act, deed, event, enterprise; it`inge n nt meeting, council, covenant, agreement; t`ingen v w beg, ask, intercede, harangue; reconcile, conciliate, settle, determine, agree; d`ing g`ed`inge d`ingian; PC1 d`ing, PC2 t`ing, Orm t`ing, Lmn t`ing

t`is (~e) dem pron/adj: this; t`ise pl these; t`es t`isne t`ises t`isum m t`is t`is t`ises t`isum t`e_os t`a_s t`isse t`isse t`a_s t`a_s t`issa t`issum; PC1 t`is, Orm t`iss t`ise, Ch this thise, MED this thes(e)

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t`ra_h (t`ra_ge) n f: occasion, turn; period, time; t`ra_g (h); Orm t`ray`he, Owl t`roy`e, Ch throwe

t`re_ num: three; t`re_fa_ld (t`ri~) adv threefold; t`ri~ pref tri~, thir~; t`rines (~se) n f trinity; t`rite_ne (t`re_~) num; t`rite_nt`e ord thirteen; t`ritiy` num; t`ritiget`e ord thirty; t`ridde ord third; t`ri_e t`re_o, t`rifeald, t`rin(n)es, t`re_o-ti_ne (i_e/y_) t`reotty_ne t`re_ote_od`a (t`rytte_od`a), t`ri_tig` (t`rittig`) t`ri_tigod`a (t`re_otteogat`a), t`ridda; PC1 t`rittiga t`ridde t`reotted`an, PC2 t`re, Orm t`reo t`refald t`rittene t`rittiy` t`ridde t`rittende, Lmn t`reo t`ritti, AW t`reo ~fald ~ttene ~tud`e t`ridde, Ch thre thrittene thritty thridde, VH 1150 t`reottende, Rwl 1350 t`retet`e, MED thre_fold thrines(se) thrite_ne thriti thrid thrite_nth(e) thriti_the

t`riccen v w intr/tr; t`rihte (t`riccede): press, push; trample, crush; oppress, afflict; print; t`riccern n neo printery; t`rake n f pressure, force, violence; it`rac n nt throng, crowd; t`rece n m oppression; d`ryc`c`an (i) d`ryhte/d`rycte, t`racu g`et`raec t`rec`e; BH id`ryht, MED thricchen

t`ri_t` n m: might, power, strength, vigour; majesty, glory, splendour; d`ry_d`; MED thri_th

t`u_ pron sg2 nom: you, thou; t`e_ acc you, thee; t`i_n (t`i_) gen your, thy, thine; t`u_ t`e_ t`i_n; PC1 t`e, t`in, PC2 t`u, Orm t`u, t`e, ti(n) t`in, Lmn t`u, t`e, t`i(n)

t`ung n m: poison, poisonous plant, wolfsbane, aconite; d`ung; MED thung

t`urfen v ptpr tr/intr; t`arf t`arft, t`urfte (o): need; be needed; t`arf n f need, necessity, distress; t`arfe adj; n m needy, indigent, destitute; one in need; t`arflic adj profitable, useful, necessary; it`arfen v w necessitate; t`urfen t`earf t`earft t`orfte, t`earf ~a, g`et`earfian, t`earflic`; Orm t`arrf t`urrfte, Lmn t`urfen, AW t`(e)arf t`urfte

t`urh prep, adv: through; t`irel n nt hole, orifice, aperture; e_gt`irel n window; nost`irel n nostril; t`irlen v w pierce, perforate; thrill; t`urh, t`yr(e)l ea_g~, t`yrlian; PC2 t`urhc, Orm t`urrh, Lmn t`urh, it`urlud, AW t`url ~in, Ch thirled, MED thirl ~en

t`us adv: thus; t`us; PC1 d`us t`us, Orm t`uss, MED thus

t`u_send num: thousand; t`u_send; PC1 t`usend, PC2 t`usen, Orm fif t`usennde, Lmn t`usend, Ch thousand

t`wae_re adj: united, concordant, harmonious; compliant, obedient, agreeable, pleasant, gentle, peaceful; t`wae_ren v w agree, consent, acquiesce, reconcile; suit, fit; t`wae_rnes n f agreement, concord, peace; gentleness; (g`e)t`wae_re (g`e)t`wae_r~ian ~nes

ti_hen (te_n) v s1; ti_he ti_ht` (te_ te_t`), ta_h tigen itigen: accuse, censure; ti_hend (te_nd) n accuser; te_on/ti_on ty_hst ti_ht` te_ot` te_ah tugon tygen; MED te_n (tegen/teo tyxste tiy`th); OE te_on s1 (from pOE *ti_han) partly shifted to the conjugation of OE te_on s2 (from pOE *te_ohan); separated here to lessen confusion; cp OS af-ti_han, OHG zi_han; cp wri_hen li_hen t`i_hen

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til prep/conj: till, to; until; intil, until prep into, until, unto; til; PC2 til, Orm till inn~ unn~, MED til

tilen v w: till, cultivate, procure; to try, aspire to, endeavour, exert oneself, work; tilt` n f cultivation, tillage; til~ian ~d`; PC2 tilede, Lmn tilien tileden, PM tilth

til adj: excellent, useful; til; NED till

~tiy` suff num; twen~ t`ri~ fower~ fif~ sex~ sefen~ ehte~ nigen~: ~ty; ~tiget`e suff ord num ~tieth; ~tigod`a (~eogat`a); PC1 fowertiged`e, AW twentud`e t`rittud`e, TH 1200 fowertid`e fiftuged`e, VH 1150 sixtuged`en , MED twenti~eth thriti_~the fourti_~the fifti_~the sixti_~the seventi_~the eighteti_~the ni_nti_~the

to_ prep, pref, suff, adv: to; too; to_; PC2 to, Orm to, Lmn to

tru_t` n m: trumpeter, buffoon, actor; tru_d`; MED trut`

twa_ num/adj f: two; atwa_, on twa_ adv apart, in two; itwae_fen v w separate; deprive; twae_men (to_~) v w divide; divorce; twe_, twe_n n m; v w doubt; twelf num; ~te ord twelve; betwe_nen prep, adv between, among; meanwhile; twentiy` num; twentiget`e ord twenty; twey`en num/adj m, n twain, pair, two; twiy`es adv twice; twe_g`en/twa_/tu_ on twa_, g`etwae_fan, (to_)twae_man, twe_o twe_og`an (twe_on) twe_ode, twelf ~ta, (be)twe_onan, twe_ntig`, twe_g`en, twi_ tuwa (twig`ea); PC1 tweamde, twelf(e), twenti, twegen, twiges, PC2 twa, Orm twa, twellf(e) ~te, bitwenenn, twenntiy`, twey`y`enn, twiy`(y`)ess, Lmn to-twemden, twelf, bi-twe(o)nen, twenti, tweien, AW tweolfte twentud`e, Ch two a-~, betweene (i), twyes, MED twelfth, tweoy`ean

*twadden v w: adore, worship; twadding n f adulation; twaddung (ae)

ufen adv: over, above, on high, on top; from above; onufen prep/adv above, upon, on; beyond, after; ufer comp adv further up; ufere comp adj later; ufan on~ ufor ufera; AW onuuen, MED oven onoven; rel bufen, up

under prep, adv: under; under; Orm unnderr, Lmn under, SO under; ~fo_n, ~standen, ~enti_d, ~t`e_den

unnen v ptpr; an *anst, u_t`e iunnen: grant, allow, bestow; unnan an(n) unnen u_t`e; PC2 unne, Orm ut`e, AW unnen on ud`e, Owl an, MED unnen

up adv: up, upwards; uplic adj upper, lofty, supreme, sublime; upon (uppen) prep upon, on, up to, against; uppe adv above, aloft, inland; ippe n f high point, high seat, dais; u_p uppe uppan (upon) u_plic` yppe; PC2 up, Orm upp upponn, Lmn up(pe) uppen, AW up(pe) upon, MED up upon uppe

u_t adv: out; u_te adv outside, abroad; u_ten adv on the outside, without; from outside; u_t ~e ~an; PC2 ut ute, Orm ut, Lmn uten

wa_ (wae_ wa_we) n/interj: woe, misery, grief, adversity, misfortune; alas, oh; wa_s (wa_wes/wa_wen) pl woes; wa_la_, wa_la_wa_ interj alas; wa_ we_a (wa_wa) wa_la_ (wa_la_wa_); Orm wa wawenn, Lmn wa wae wowe, AW wa wowes wala, Owl wolawo, MED wo we wowe

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wadenv s6; wo_d wo_den iwaden: go, move, stride, advance; wade; (g`e)wadan (o_ o_ a); Lmn wod, AW waden

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wal n: slaughter, carnage, slain, battlefield; walhalle n f hall of the slain, Valhalla; walkiriy` n f witch, sorceress, Valkyrie; wael ~cyrig`e ~heall, walu; Lmn wael, MED wal, wal-kirie

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wa_lden v s7 we_ld we_lden iwa_lden; (we_lden v w): rule, control, command, govern; iwa_ld n nt power, control, dominion, command; wa_lde adj omnipotent; wa_ldend n m Lord, ruler; wealdan (e_o e_o ea), g`eweald, wealda, wealdend; Orm weldenn, walde, Lmn welden/walden walt/walded`, AW welden walt, walde, MED we_lden (a), ModE wield

wa_ld n m: forest, wood, grove; weald; Lmn wald (ae), AW wald, MED wold

wal (walh) n m; wales (walges) pl: foreigner, stranger; Briton, Welshman; walnute n f walnut; wealh (we_al) ~hnutu, weales (a); Lmn waelh, MED wale

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wallen v s7; well wellen iwallen: boil, seethe, well, gush; wae_l n m ocean, deep pool; well n m; ~e n f well, fountain, spring, source; welm n m welling, surging, flood, turmoil; weallan (e_o e_o ea), wae_l, wiell (~a) ~e, wielm (ae); PC1 weallan, wael, Orm wallenn, wel, welle, AW wallen weol(le) iweallet, welle, MED wallen, we_l, wel(le), walm(e) (e)

wall n m: wall; weall (a); PC1 weallas, Orm wall, Lmn walles, SO wal, Ch wal walles

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wan (wann~) adj: wan, ashen, colourless; wann (won); SO wan wanne, Ch wan, MED wan

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ware n m: ware, merchandise, article; shelter, protection, care; waru; Lmn ware, AW ware, MED ware

ward n f; m: protection, guard; guardian; foreward n condition, bargain, assurance; warden v w; warde guard, keep, watch; war adj wary, aware, shrewd; iwar adj vigilant, alert; waren v w beware, be wary; inhabit; ware n m/f; burh~ inhabitant, dweller; awaren v avoid; warn n f reluctance, repugnance; warnen v w warn, caution; wernen v w refuse, deny, reject, decline; impede, prevent, stint; wert`en war exp realise, perceive, discover, learn; weard fore~, ~ian, waer, warian, waru, a_waerian, wearn, warnian, wiernan; PC1 weard fore~, PC2 forewarde, war, Orm warr, Lmn foreward, warnede, werne, AW warde foreward, warden, wearnen, Ch war, MED ward ~en, warnen, wernen

water n nt: water; wad n nt ford, sea, ocean; wascen v s6; wo_sc wo_scen iwascen wash; wae_te n m wetness, moisture; waeter waet(e)ru, waed, wasc`an (o_ o_ a), wae_ta; PC1 waeter watres, Orm waterr wattress, wasshenn wessh, Lmn water, wascen, SO water, MED washen (washede/wosh)

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we_ pron pl1: we; u_s (us) acc us; u_re gen our; wit dual we, we two; unk acc us, us two; unker gen our, our two; we_ u_s u_re, wit unc uncer; PC2 we ure, Orm we uss ure, witt unnc unnkerr, Lmn we us (ous) ure, wit unc, AW we us ure, unc, Owl unker, SO ous, MED wit unk

wae_d (~e) n f: garment, robe, clothing; wae_des pl clothes; wae_d; Orm waede, Lmn wedes, Ch wede; n sg - item of clothing

wae_pen n nt: weapon, force; waepnen v w to arm; wae_pen wae_pnu, wae_pnan; Orm waepenn, waepnedd, Lmn waepen waepne, wepnen MED wepen ~es, wepnen

wel adv: well, very; wele n m wealth, prosperity; weliy` adj wealthy; wel wela welig`; PC2 wel, Orm wel, MED wel wele

Wendel n m: Vandal; wanderer; Wendelsae_ n m/f Mediterranean; Wendle, Wendelsae_; MED Wandale; Germanic people who in the 5th c. AD ravaged Gaul and Spain, sacked Rome and settled in Africa

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wer n m: man, male; wereld n f world; wer, woruld (eo); PC1 weoruld, Orm weress were, werelld (eo) Lmn weres, weor(e)ld, Ch werld, MED wer; ModE werewolf, L vir

weren v w: repel, defend, guard, agree by treaty; wear; werian werede; PC2 uuerrien, Orm werenn, Ch were

werden v w: spoil, injure, destroy; (g`e)wierdan; Orm werdenn werdet`t` (eo), MED werden

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wered n nt: throng, troop, band, company; werod (weorud); Lmn weored, AW weoredes, MED wered

werk n m: work, act; werke adj hard, difficult; werkful adj industrious; wircen v w irr; wrohte (worhte) work, act, perform; fashion, construct; iwirht n f/nt deed, service; desert, merit; wrihte (wirhte) n author, artist, labourer, worker, maker, creator, craftsman, wright; wark n m pain, ache, affliction, suffering, anguish; warken v w intr ache, be in pain; endwark n pain in the backside; (g`e)weorc weorc~e ~ful, wyrc`an (weorcan) worhte (wrohte), g`ewyrht wyrhta (wrihta, waerc (wraec) ~an; PC1 wircen, PC2 castelweorces, wrohte, Orm werrc werrkess, wirrkenn wrohhte, wrihhte, Lmn wurchen wrohte, AW warch, wruhte (ur), SO werk, Ch werk werkes, wirche (werke) wro(u)ghte, wrighte, MED werk (wark)

werpen v s3 tr/intr; warp wurpen iworpen: throw, cast, propel; rush, leap; awerpen v recover, cast off; andwerpen v neo design, devise; andwarp n neo design; eftwerpen n neo relaunch; innenandwarp n neo interior design; forwerpen v reject, repudiate, drive off, throw away; onwerpen v throw aside; accuse; spin, make a web; weorpan (ea u o) on~ wierpan a_~; Orm werrpenn warrp worrpenn, Lmn worpen we(o)rped` warp wurpen, MED werpen aworpen; rel Du ontwerpen, G entwerfen

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wert`en v s3; wart` wurt`en (d) iwort`en (d): become, happen, arise; wird n f fate, destiny; to_wird n opportunity; wirdwri_tere n m prophet, seer; iwirde n nt speech; edict, decree; forwert`en v perish, deteriorate; forwort`enlic adj perishable, feeble, ineffectual; weort`an (u/y) for~ weort`et`/weort` wearth wurden (g`e)worden, wyrd (eo) to_~, g`ewyrde, forwordenlic; PC1 weord`an ward` (ea) wurd`on, PC2 wart` wurt`en, Orm wurrt`en warrt` wurrt`enn (d) forrwurrt`ennlike, AW wurd`en iwurden, wurd`es, Ch wi(e)rdes, MED worthen, werd

wesen v irr: be; am pr sg1 am; art pr sg2 art; is pr sg3 is; sind, sinden, aren pr pl are; was pt sg 1/3 was; wae_ren pt pl were; si_, si_n sbj pr be; wes, weset` imp be; atwesen v attend; wes ha_l exp hello, greetings, good health, hail, wassail; wesan eom (eam) eart is sind/sindon (aron) was wae_ron si_e si_en wes wesad` wesende nis; wes t`u_ ha_l; PC1 am sindon, PC2 is was waeron, Orm amm arrt iss arrn sinndenn wass waerenn si; namm niss narrt, Lmn si, AW am is aren; nis; wes hal, Owl art; nas nere, VH synd; contractions - ne + am, ne + was etc = nam nart nis nas nae_ren

west n/adj/adv; ~erne ~ward: west; westan adv from the west; west ~an ~erne ~ward; PC1 west, Orm wesst, Lmn west

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wey` n m: way, route, road; onwey`, awey` adv away; wae_h n m; wae_ges wave, surf; wae_ge n f scales, balance; iwae_ge n nt weight, measure; way`n n m wagon, car; wegan v s5 (w); wah wae_gen iwey`en (wey`de) carry, wear, support; weigh; wigg n nt horse, steed; weg` a_~ on~, wegan (ae ae_ e), wae_g, (g`e)wae_ge, waeg`(e)n, wicg; Orm wey`y`e awey`y`, way`y`n, Lmn weide, AW wei(y`)en wehed` iweiet, Ch wey (a) awey, wayn, MED weien (wey`en waiy`/waugh weien/iwey`e), wei (waege), wain

wey` interj: alas, oh; wey`la, wey`lawey` interj alas, wellaway; weg`-la_; Lmn wei wela waeilawaei, AW wei ~la ~lawei, Ch weylaway, MED wei ~la(wei); ON vei; rel wa_

wi_dadj; ~e adv: wide; wi_d; Orm wid, AW wid, MED wi_d(e)

wi_f n nt: woman, wife; wi_fman (wimman) woman; wi_f ~man (wimman/wi_man) ~men (wimmen/wi_men); PC2 wif wive wimman wimmen, Orm wif ~e wimmaness wifmenn, Ch wyf wyve wyves womman wommen (wymmen)

~ ~

wiht n f/nt: creature, being, person; awiht, oht n, adv something, anything; aught, at all; na_wiht, noht n, adv nothing, naught; unwiht n abomination, evil creature; wiht, a_wiht (a_ht/o_ht), na_ht (na_wiht/no_ht); PC2 naht/noht, Orm wihht, ohht, nohht, AW wiht, oht, nocht/nawt, Ch wight, aught/o(u)ght, naught/no(u)ght

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wi_k n f/nt: village, community, region; dae_t`wi_k n abode of the dead; wi_c; Orm wic, MED wi_k(e)

wi_ke n f: office, function, duty, bailiwick; wi_ke n f; circewi_ke n sacristy, sacred vessels; horderwi_ke n treasury; wi_ce c`iric`e~ horder~; PC2 circe~wican horder~, Orm wikenn

wille n m: will, determination, purpose; delight, pleasure; iwill n nt wish, desire; willen v irr; wille wilt wil(l)e, wolde wish, be willing; nillen v irr not wish, be unwilling; willa (will) g`ewill willan wille wilt wil(l)e willat` wolde nyllan; PC1 wille, PC2 willen wolde, Orm wille wilenn wile wollde nollde, Lmn wille, AW wil(le) wulle wult wule wulled` walde walden unwil ~les, Owl wile nolde

win (winn) n f: delight, pleasure, joy, rapture; winlic, winsum adj pleasant, delightful; joyful, winsome; wine n m friend, comrade, protector; iwin (winn) n nt gain, profit; toil, labour; conflict, strife, battle; winnen (i~) v s3; wan wunnen iwunnen win, gain, conquer; toil, labour; struggle, strive, contend, resist, oppose; iwinne, wit`erwinne n m enemy, adversary, opponent, rival; wi_scen v w wish; wi_scendlic adj desirable; wenen v w accustom, habituate, inure, train; entertain, treat; wean; we_n n f expectation, belief; we_nen v w expect, believe, suppose, fancy; wunen v w dwell, inhabit, live; remain, stay; wune n habit, custom, practice, rite; bewune adj accustomed, wont; iwunen v become accustomed; t`urhwunen v continue; iwunelic adj usual; wynn wyn~le_as ~lic` ~sum, wine ~mae_g`, winnan (a u u) winn winna (g`e~) wid`er~, wy_scan (i_) wy_scendlic, wenian (wennan), we_n ~an, wunian wuna bewuna; PC1 gewinn, wunien, PC2 winnan wan, wende, Orm winnenn wann wunnenn, wunenn, wen wenenn, Lmn wun wunne (i), wine, iwin, AW wunie(n) wune, iwenet, Owl wune wunne, Ch wisshe, wone(n) woned/wont wone, wenen wende wen(e)d, MED win, wine, wishen (wiscen), wenen; me_ is awe_ne - it occurs to me

wi_nn nt: wine; wi_n; Orm win, Lmn wine, Ch wyn

wi_nden v s3; wa_nd wu_nden iwu_nden: wind, wrap, revolve, twist, circle around; wa_nden v w turn aside, flinch, hesitate; wenden v w; wende turn, go, wend; awenden v change, translate, convert; windan (a u u) g`e~, wandian, wendan wende; Orm winnde wand wundenn, wendenn wennde wennd, Lmn winden wond wunden, wendest, awend, MED wonden (wande)

winter n nt; wintre pl: winter, year; winter wintru; PC2 winter wintre, Orm winnterr, Lmn winter wintere

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wit (witt) n nt: wit, reason, understanding, intellect, sense, consciousness; witen v ptpr; wa_t wa_st, wiste iwist know, understand, be conscious, be aware, perceive, observe; niten v not know, be ignorant; bewiten v keep, care for, watch over, guard, administer, lead, protect, defend; wite (i~) n w accomplice; witness; councillor, adviser, sage, philosopher, wise man; wittiy` adj wise, sagacious, skilful; in one's right mind; witlae_s adj ignorant, foolish, witless; mad; witnes n f testimony; wi_s adj wise; wi_se n f, suff manner, fashion, way; wi_sen, wissen v w guide, show the way, direct, instruct; iwiss, wislic adj, adv, interj trustworthy, certain, sure; indeed; wisse (to_/mid ~) adv completely; witt ~ig`, (g`e)wit~a ~an ~ena, witan be~ wa_t wa_st wiste, nytan, bewitian, wit~le_as ~nes, wi_s ~e ~ian ~a, g`e~wiss to_ ~um ~ian, wislic; PC1 witan wat wisten, Orm witt ~laes, wite, witenn wat wisstenn, wis ~e, wiss to ~e ~enn, Lmn wit, witen wat, wis ~e, wissien, AW wit, weote, witen wat wast wiste, wis, wissed`, Ch wit, wite(n) wo(o)t wo(o)st wiste, wis ~e, wisse

wi_ten v s1; wa_t witen iwiten: accuse, blame, impute, ascribe; wi_te n nt penalty, fine; punishment, retribution, torture; affliction, misery, distress; atwi_ten v admonish; edwi_ten v reproach, reprove, criticise; iwi_ten v look, behold, see; depart, go, die; witnen v w punish, chastise, torture; uten hort let us; wi_tan (a_ i i) aet~ ed~ g`e~, wi_te, witnian; PC1 wite, Orm witenn wi'te, Lmn uten, AW witest edwiten wite, Ch wyten wite, MED wi_ten ed- wi_te

wit` (~er) prep: against, opposed, opposite, facing; wit`standen, wit`eren resist, withstand; wit`re n nt resistance; wit` ~er, wid`re, wid`erian; PC2 wit` (wid), Orm wit`t`, wit`t`renn, Lmn wid`, wid`ere

wiy` n nt: war, combat, battle; wi_gen v w fight; wige, wiy`end n m warrior; wi_g` ~end, wi_g~an ~ian, g`ewegen (ae ae_ e), wiga; Lmn wiy`e wi-aexe, Gaw wyy`e, Piers wye, MED wi_, wie (wighe)

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wo_d adj: mad, deranged, raging; wo_d; Orm wod, Lmn wod

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Wo_den n m: Woden, Odin, chief Germanic god; Wo_dnesday` n Wednesday; Wo_den Wo_dnesdaeg`; PC1 Wodnesdei, Lmn Woden Wendesdei, AW Weodnesdei, MED Wednes-dai

word n nt: word; bi_word n adverb, proverb; bodeword n commandment, message, report; wordwinsum adj affable; word ~wynsum; PC1 worde, Orm word, Lmn word

worn n m: large amount, amount, number, quantity; troop, company, multitude, crowd, swarm; worn fele exp a great deal, many things; worn ~ fela

en ~ ~

wreken v s5 wrak wrae_ken iwreken: banish, expel, drive; utter; awreken, iwreken v avenge, punish; wrake n f/nt exile, punishment, persecution, revenge; pain, suffering, distress, misery; wrecce n m; ~had n f, ~lic adj wretch; exile, adventurer; wrecan (ae ae_ e) a_~ g`e~, wraec`c`a wraeclic`, wracu wraec; PC1 wrecce, PC2 uurecce, Orm wrekenn, wrecche ~liy`, Lmn wreken a~, wrecche, wrake, AW wrake, Ch wreken wrak

wrey`en v w: accuse, impeach; divulge, reveal; wre_y`end n m accuser; forwre_y`en v accuse falsely, slander, libel, calumniate; wre_g`an for~ wreg`de; PC1 wraegde, PC1 uureide, Orm wrey`enn (wrey`h`enn), MED wreien

wri_ten v s1; wra_t writen iwriten: write; awri_ten v describe, compose; writ n nt; i~ document, writ, treatise; wri_tan (a_ i i) a_~, (g`e)writ ~u; PC1 writen, writ ~es, Orm writenn wrat writtenn, writt ~ess, MED wri_ten, writ

wude n m: wood, tree, copse, forest; wudu; PC1 wudes, Orm wude, Lmn wude

wuke n f: week; wukende n m neo weekend; wucu (wicu); PC1 wuce, Orm wuke wukess, Lmn wike, Ch wowke/wyke (i/e), MED weke

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wu_nd n f: wound, lesion, cut; wund; PC1 wundan, Orm wunde, Lmn wunde, Ch wounde

wunder n nt sg/pl; ~lic ~ful: wonder, marvel; atrocity; wundren v w intr be astonished, marvel; ofwundren, forwundren v tr astonish, amaze; wundor ~lic` ~ful, wundrian of~; PC2 wunder ~lice, ofuundred, Orm wunnder ~like wunndre, wunndren, forrwunndredd, Lmn wunder wunderes, wonddrede, AW wunder wundre wundres, wundrede

wurm (wirm) n m: serpent, snake; worm; wyrm (u); Orm wurrm, Lmn wurm, AW wurm, SO worm, MED worm

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wurt` n/adj: worth, value, price, ransom; worthy, entitled, worthwhile, valued, valuable, precious, honoured, honourable; wurt`en (wert`~) v w esteem, honour, worship, celebrate, exalt, praise; adorn, deck, enrich, reward; wurt`ing n f ornament; wurt`iy`, wurt`lic adj important; wurt`mint n adoration, worship; wurt`nes, wurt`scipe n honour; weort` (wurt`/wyrd`e) ~ian ~mynt ~sc`ipe ~lic`; PC2 wur(t)scipe, Orm wurrt`(e) ~minnt ~i, Lmn wurd`(e) vnword`

y`are (y`arwe) adj: ready, prepared, fitted, complete; eager; y`arwe n f; adv equipment, clothing, gear; readily, surely; y`arwen v w construct, erect; procure, supply; y`erwen v w prepare, equip, adorn; clothe, dress; cook; bey`arwen v armour; g`earo gearwes g`earwian g`ierwan (y); PC1 gare, Lmn y%are y%arewe y%aerwen, Owl y%are y%arewe, MED yare yaren

y`ard n m: yard, enclosure; middeny`ard n world, earth; g`eard middan~; PC2 iaerd, Ch ye(e)rd, MED yerd (y`arde)

y`a_ten (y`ett~) v w; y`a_tede/y`a_tte: convey, give, grant, allow; ja_ta ja_tta; PC1 geatte/iaette getton/ietten, Orm y`atenn y`atte y`atedd, AW y`etted` y`ettede, MED yeten (y`etten/yate)

y`e_ pron pl2: you, you all; y`ow acc you; y`owre gen your; y`it dual you, you two; ink acc you, you two; inker gen your, your two; g`e_ e_ow (iuh) e_ower (iuer), g`it inc incer; PC1 ge iure, Orm y`e y`uw y`ure, y`itt y`unc y`unnkerr, Lmn y`e y`eow eower, y`it inc incker, AW y`e ow ower, inc incker, SO y`ou y`our, Ch yow youre, MED ink inker

y`ae_, y`e_se adv: yes, yea, yeah; y`ae_ten v w confirm, say yes, consent; y`ae_telae_s adj trucculent; g`e_a ~tan, g`e_se; Orm y`a, y`aetenn, y`aetelaes, Lmn y`use, AW y`e, y`es, Ch ye, yis, MED ye (yea), yis

y`ae_n prep: against, facing, toward, in regard to, in exchange for, in contrast to, in expectation of; ay`ae_n, ony`ae_n adv again, back; ay`ae_nes, ony`ae_nes, to_y`ae_nes prep against; g`e_an on~ to_~es; PC2 agaenes (e) togaenes, Orm y%aen onn~ onn~ess, Lmn ay`aen ay%e(i)nes to-y%eines

y`ae_r n nt/m: year; g`e_ar; PC2 gaer, Orm y%er y%aeress, Lmn y%er y%earen, PH3 y%eare

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y`efen (y`if~) v s5; y`af y`ae_fen iy`efen: give; y`efe n m gift, bribe; ay`efen v surrender, deliver, restore, grant; fory`efen v; ~y`efnes n f forgive, offer; gafol n nt tribute, tax, duty; y`ifet`e adj, n nt allotted; fate; y`ift n nt/f gift, dowry, price; g`iefan (ea e_a ie) for~, g`iefu, forg`iefnes, gafol, g`ifed`e, g`ift; PC1 gifene iaef/g(e)af iaefen/g(e)auen gyfene/giuen, gaule, PC2 gyuen/iiuen iaf (a)iauen (f), Orm y`ifenn for~ (g) y`aff (g) y`aefenn (g) y`ifenn (g) y`ife` (g), Lmn y`euen, gauel, y`iued`e, y`ift, Ch yeve(n) yaf yave(n)/yeve (y)yeven, yifte, MED yeven a~

y`e_lden v s3; y`ald y`ulden (g) iy`olden (g): pay, yield, render, requite; fory`e_lden v repay; reward; indemnify; y`e_ld n nt payment, tax, tribute; wery`e_ld n compensation for a man's life; gild (y`) n nt guild, association, brotherhood; gilde n m member; g`ieldan (ea gu go) for~, g`ield wergild, (g`e)gild; PC1 geold, PC2 gaeildes, Orm y`eldenn y`oldenn (g), y`eldess, AW y`elden y`eald, y`eld, Ch yelden yald iyolden, MED gild(e) (yild), wer-geld; MED has three entries for gilde from 12th c

y`emen v w: care, care for, heal; take notice, take heed; y`eme n care; y`emelae_s adj careless; y`emelae_st n neglect; g`ieman g`ieme ~le_as ~le_aslic` ~le_ast; PC1 to geamene, Orm y`emenn y`emelaeste, AW y`emen y`emeles ~liche, MED yemen

y`estren adv; ~e_fen ~niht: yesterday; g`iestran ~ae_fen ~niht; Lmn y`urstendaei, Ayb yesteneuen, MED yester ~dai (y%esterndai/yhistredai)

y`eten v s5; y`at y`ae_ten y`eten: get, grasp; andy`eten, ony`eten, undery`eten v understand, perceive; andy`et n intellect, perception, knowledge; meaning, interpretation; bey`eten v get, receive; beget, produce; ae_t`bey`ae_te adj easy to get; fory`eten v forget; g`ietan (ea e_a ie) and~ be~ for~ on~ under~, andg`iet (i); PC1 begeaton beieten, PC2 begaet, undergaeton, Orm anndgaetenn, bigatt biy`etenn, forry`etet`t`, Lmn on-y`iten any`aet, biy`iten bi-y`eted` biy`eat bi-y`aeten, fory`eten, vnder-y`at under-y`etene, AW bi~y`eoten for~ under~, MED andy`it, ony`iten, biyeten, foryeten, underyeten; OE g`ietan is rare; beg`ietan is the usual form

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y`e_t adv: yet, still; t`a_y`e_t adv further; g`i_et; Orm y`et, Lmn y`et, AW y`et

y`e_ten v s2; y`ae_t y`uten iy`oten: pour, spill, emit, inject; g`e_otan (g`e_a gu go); Orm y`etenn y`otenn, Lmn y`eoten igote, AW y`eotted` y`eat iy`otten (g)

y`if conj: if; g`if; PC2 gif, Orm y`iff, Lmn y`if

~ ~

y`ond prep, adv, pref: through, throughout, over, across; y`onden, bey`onde prep/adv beyond; y`on adv, adj there; that, distant, yonder; g`eond (be)~an (be~e), g`eon; PC1 be geondon, PC2 beionde, Orm biy`onndenn, Lmn y`eon, Ch biyonde, yon

y`u_ adv: already, formerly, once, ago, yore, in days of yore; g`e_o (iu_); BH iu, MED yu_

y`ung adj: young; y`uget` n f youth, band of young retainers; g`eong (iung), g`eogut`; PC2 iunge, Orm y`ung, Lmn y`unge, y`uy`ed`e, AW y`ung, y`uhed`e