simplification of adjective paradigms in eME
together with the simplification of definite and indefinite articles
Comparing the East Midland dialect of Early Middle English (eME) to Old English (OE), we note these key changes to adjective paradigms:
-
complete by 1150
- the adjective is no longer marked for case or gender;
- ~e is added before plural nouns or when an adjective represents a plural noun or pronoun;
- ~e is added after the definite article (t`e), demonstrative adjectives (t`is, t`at, t`ise, t`a__) and possessive pronouns (mi__n, t`i__n, his, hire etc) and with a name or other term of address;
-
underway in eME
- alternation of ~u/~we in the reflexes of wa-, wo_-stems disappears; either
- ~u becomes ~ew in strong singular and e is added in weak and plural as per the standard declension, or
- both ~u and ~we are replaced by ~e throughout the paradigm;
- alternation of ~u/~we in the reflexes of wa-, wo_-stems disappears; either
Note: unless specified otherwise, eME denotes the normalised early East Midland used in this site.
core vs optional grammar
The changes to adjective paradigms which were complete by 1150 are shared by the core grammar and the optional grammar of eME. Changes which were underway in early Middle English are found in the core grammar but not in the optional grammar. For a detailed discussion, see Normalisation 3: grammar.
The core grammar, which has fewer anomalies and exceptions, is aimed at the beginner. This is the grammar that appears in Audrey and the attercop, book 1 of Englisc buten taeres (the first 800 words). The optional grammar, which inherits more of OE's anomalies and exceptions, appears in normalised versions of OE and ME texts, and in the weblog of this site.
"a single trace" in PC2 and Orm
The extremely complex declension of the OE adjective has left only a single trace - the ending ~e. This is evident in both PC2 and Orm:
In PC2 "definite adjectives generally end in -e (or -ae) whatever their case, singular and plural, while indefinite adjectives have -e in the plural, though sometimes even this is lost in adjectives of more than one syllable."1 Note that here, 'indefinite' corresponds to the strong declension of many OE grammars while 'definite' corresponds to the weak declension (see below).
In Orm "The only inflection that the adjectives retain is the e of the plural and of the weak declension, as in mine wordess, þatt laþe flocc, the hateful multitude. oþerr, other is always strong: þatt oþerr bucc, the other he-goat."2
declension of the adjective in OE
OE has a strong declension and a weak declension. And within each, endings vary for case and gender. Most adjectives decline in the same way as go_d:
| masculine, neuter and feminine forms; in singular then plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | |
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| nom | go_d | go_d | go_d | go_de | go_d | go_da |
| acc | go_dne | go_d | go_de | go_de | go_d | go_da |
| gen | go_des | go_des | go_dre | go_dra | go_dra | go_dra |
| dat | go_dum | go_dum | go_dre | go_dum | go_dum | go_dum |
| inst | go_de | go_de | - | - | - | - |
| masculine, neuter and feminine forms; in singular then plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | |
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| nom | go_da | go_de | go_de | go_dan | go_dan | go_dan |
| acc | go_dan | go_de | go_dan | go_dan | go_dan | go_dan |
| gen | go_dan | go_dan | go_dan | go_dra/ go_dena | go_dra/ go_dena | go_dra/ go_dena |
| dat | go_dan | go_dan | go_dan | go_dum | go_dum | go_dum |
declension of the adjective in eME
Case ceases to be of any significance for adjectives in the East Midland dialect of eME. The only variables are strong singular vs weak or plural:
In eME, go__d "declines" like so:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | go__d | go__de |
| weak | go__de | go__de |
wa-, wo_-stems in OE
In OE there was alternation in u/o/w throughout the paradigm of a handful adjectives including nearu (narrow) and g`earu (ready, prepared). According to Wright: "§ 435 ... w became vocalized to u (later o) when final and before consonants in prehistoric OE. (§ 265); whence masc. nom. sing., neut. nom. ace. sing, gearu from [PGmc] *garw-az, -an ... § 436. Like gearu are declined basu, beasu, purple; calu, bald; cylu, spotted; fealu, fallow; geolu, yellow; hasu, heasu, grey, tawny ; mearu, tender; nearu, narrow; salu, sealu, dusky, dark."
These adjectives had stem endings that fluctuated between <u> (or <o>) and <w> throughout the strong declension paradigm:
| masculine, neuter and feminine forms; in singular then plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | |
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| nom | nearu (-o) | nearu (-o) | nearu (-o) | nearwe | nearu (-o) | nearwa (-e) |
| acc | nearone | nearu (-o) | nearwe | nearwe | nearu (-o) | nearwa (-e) |
| gen | nearwes | nearwes | nearore | nearora | nearora | nearora |
| dat | nearwum | nearwum | nearore | nearwum | nearwum | nearwum |
| inst | nearwe | nearwe | - | - | - | - |
| masculine, neuter and feminine forms; in singular then plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | |
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| nom | nearwa | nearwe | nearwe | nearwan | nearwan | nearwan |
| acc | nearwan | nearwe | nearwan | nearwan | nearwan | nearwan |
| gen | nearwan | nearwan | nearwan | nearora/ nearwena | nearora/ nearwena | nearora/ nearwena |
| dat | nearwan | nearwan | nearwan | nearwum | nearwum | nearwum |
The paradigms for basu, calu, cylu, fealu, g`earu, g`eolu, hasu, mearu are similar.
wa-, wo_-stems in PC2 and Orm
Both PC2 and Orm have reflexes of OE nearu. PC2 has nareu sg strong while Orm has naru sg strong and narrwe pl. Lmn and AW mirror the PC2 form with nearow AW sg strong, nearewe AW sg weak, narewe Lmn sg weak.
Note that PC2 doesn't use the character <w>. The sound /w/ is routinely rendered as <u>. Given that the MED contains a few examples of strong singular forms with final <ew> (or <ow>), including AW nearow, the appropriate transcription of PC's final <eu> in eME is <ew>.
The reduction in complexity for the reflexes of adjective like nearu in eME, will produce a similar paradigm to that of go__d (see above). If we follow Orm, the sole difference we can expect for this type is that in the strong singular, the final <-w> of the stem becomes a <-u> (in the absence of a following <e>). If we follow PC2, Lmn & AW on the other hand, the resulting paradigm will not differ at all from the standard paradigm:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | naru | narwe |
| weak | narwe | narwe |
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | narew | narewe |
| weak | narewe | narewe |
In the next section I'll investigate the reflexes of wa-, wo_-stem adjectives recorded in the MED prior to 1250, together with a few examples from later East Midland sources, e.g. Ch, before deciding the final shape of the paradigms in question, for both the core and optional eME grammar.
wa-, wo_-stems in the MED
The following is a list of extracts from the MED, one for each of the wa-, wo_-stems found in OE (see above). These extracts focus on pre-1250 sources. I've inserted notes which I'll unpack in the following section.
- basu, baswa
- no MED entry
- calu, calwa (caluw)
- MED calwe
- 1230 Henricus..Willelmum le Calewe acc, weak (as expected) - name or term of address, NB -ewe; [1327 Gilbertus Calwe post-1250 but note weak (as expected)]
- > ModE callow
- cylu, cylwa (cylew)
- no MED entry
- MED related forculien darken by scorching
- AW related forculet, forculiende not forcwul~ - supports kile as weak?
- fealu, fealwa (fealewe)
- MED falwe
- Lmn ueldes falewe nom pl strong; Owl 1300 falew icumeþ of grene leue nom sg strong, NB -ew; [Ch falow nom sg strong, post-1250 but note -ow, twigges, falwe, rede and grene pl]
- > ModE fallow
- g`earo, g`earwa (g`earu, g`earowes)
- MED ya_re
- VH 1150 gearewe acc pl? NB -ew; BH 1175 y`earu nom sg strong; LH 1225 y`aru nom sg strong; AW y`arow nom sg strong, y`arowe pl?; 1250 y`eruh nom sg strong; Lmn y`eaerwe nom sg strong?, y`arewe/y`aerewe pl, y`aeru/y`aru/y`are/y`ar nom sg strong; 1250 gere/gare nom sg strong; PC1 gare nom sg strong; Owl y`arewe pl, y`are pl; NB - removal stem alternation pre-1250; Ch yare pl
- > ModE yare
- g`eolu, g`eolwa (g`elewum, g`ealewe)
- MED yelwe
- HA 1200 y%eoluwe blostma strong pl, NB -uwe; AW t`enne is hit y`eolow nom sg strong, NB -ow; LH 1225 t`e y`eolewe clad` weak, NB -ewe; TH 1200 hire winpel … maked geleu mid saffran nom sg strong, NB -eu - cp PC2 nareu; LH 1225 y`eluwe froggen pl, NB -uwe; 1175 Florentius: Geolofincg note -o where weak expected - combining form?; [Ch yelowe gooldes, nayles yelwe pl, post-1250 but note -owe]; 1159 Yolegreue note -e where weak expected - combining form?; 1221 Christina la Gelewe weak (as expected) - name, NB -ewe
- > ModE yellow
- hasu, haswa
- no MED entry
- MED related haswed dark in color, dusky,
- ME *haswy, *hasi > ModE hawsey naut. > hazy?
- mearu, mearwa (mearuwe)
- MED meruw(e) no forms with stem vowel <a>
- HA 1200 y%if t`anne t`e lichama mearuw si nom sg strong, NB -uw, hi beod` mearuwran cmp pl, y%enim t`a wyrt swa mearwe pl acc; AW hwil ha beod` mearewe nom pl strong, NB -ewe
- nearu, nearwa (nearewe, nearewum, nearuwe)
- MED narwe
- PC2 caest t`at was... nareu nom sg strong, NB -eu; Orm t`att illke child... wass ley%y%d inn an full naru cribbe (f acc) sg strong, note -u where -we might be expected for f acc but all cases are merged in nom, narrwe stiy%hess pl (strong); PM 1175 Go we t`ane narewe pad` acc sg weak, NB -ewe; Lmn i t`on weie narewe (m acc) sg weak, NB -ewe; AW t`e parlurs least & nearewest nom pl (weak?), NB -ew-, t`et sterke dom... & se nearow nom sg strong (se = swa__), NB -ow te nearewe nom sg? weak, NB -ewe, t`ah y`e nearowe beon nom pl strong, NB -owe; 1250 t`ene neruwure ende of t`e horne acc sg cmp weak, NB -uw-; [Ch This clyfte was so narw sg strong, NB -w, narwest sup]; Tristrem 1300 t`e way was naru sg strong, NB -u
- > ModE narrow
- sealu, sealwa
- MED salu
- 1400 salowe nom sg strong - earliest entry in MED
- > ModE sallow
observations
What can we conclude from this?
- Keep in mind that what we are looking for is either:
- <w> appearing at the end of the stem in a singular noun in a strong context, i.e. in the absence of a definite article, demonstrative adjective or possessive pronoun; or
- <w> dropped from a plural noun (in any context) or from a singular noun in a weak context, i.e. in the presence of a definite article, demonstrative adjective or possessive pronoun.
- There is corroboration beyond PC2, AW and Lmn for the type narew narewe, i.e. a strong sg form ending in <-ew> and a weak/pl form ending in <-ewe>. This removal of stem alternation in found in six adjectives in pre-1250 sources.
- Forms with an epenthetic vowel before <w> such as calewe, falew, falow, y`eoluwe, y`eolow, y`eolewe, y`eluwe, yelowe, Gelewe, meruw(e), mearuw, mearewe, narewe, nearewe are very common5. In fact they predominate. And they appear in the earliest MED examples, which is not surprising since the epenthetic vowel dates from the OE period: caluw, cylew, fealewe, g`earowes, g`elewum, mearuwe, nearewe i.a.
- The case of y%are y%are in which the <w> is dropped entirely, appears to be unique. 6
loss of alternation in wa-, wo_-stems in eME
The key, particularly in regard to the early stages of learning a language, is to offer the simplest route. This is where principles 3 & 4 come into play. The upshot is that while OE wa-, wo_-stems have a dual stem, their reflexes in the core grammar of eME, have a single stem.
In normalising the reflexes of wa-, wo_-stems, the approach is as follows:
- we start with an adjective paradigm that we would expect to exhibit stem alternation, e.g. naru nar(e)we or y%aru y%ar(e)we;
- in a pre-1250 text we find a form which removes the stem alternation for either the sg strong or weak/pl; e.g. naru sg strong > narew sg strong and y`ar(e)we pl > y`are pl;
- via principle 3 the stem levelling of one form (e.g. pl) is extended to the remaining form (e.g. sg weak) within the paradigm; so y`are pl is extended to y`are sg weak;
- courtesy of principle 4, the paradigm levelling of the majority of wa-, wo- stems can be extended to the remaining few words in that group; e.g. the narew narewe pattern is extended to salew salewe etc;
Thus we have:
- pre-1250 removal of stem alternation:
- 1. <w> absent throughout: y`are pl
- 2. <w> in all forms: falew nom sg strong, y`eolow nom sg strong, [geleu nom sg strong], mearuw nom sg strong, nareu nom sg strong, [nerewe acc sg strong]3, caluw, cylew nom sg strong
- via principle 3 - extend removal of stem alternation throughout paradigm:
- y%are y%are, falew falewe, y%elew y%elewe, marew marewe, narew narewe, calew calewe, kilew kilewe4
- via principle 4 - extend pattern of simplified paradigm to entire group:
- salew salewe
- special cases - via principle 4 but without ModE reflex:
- basew basewe, hasew hasewe
The precise form of the ending in the reflexes of wa-, wo_-stems in the core grammar, i.e. <ew-> rather than <ow-/uw-> is determined by PC2, one of the two primary eME sources, with the support of Lmn, AW and Owl.
And that leads us back to the paradigms presented above for Orm on one hand and for PC2, Lmn and AW, on the other. This time they are rebranded as optional grammar and core grammar:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | naru | narwe |
| weak | narwe | narwe |
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | narew | narewe |
| weak | narewe | narewe |
Similarly: falew, y%elew, marew, calew, kilew, salew, basew, hasew
The sole exception is:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | y%aru | y%arwe |
| weak | y%arwe | y%arwe |
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| strong | y%are | y%are |
| weak | y%are | y%are |
See also the closely related wa- and wo_-stem nouns.
- Burrow and Turville-Petre. A Book of Middle English Second Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 1992, pp 75-6
- Sweet, Henry. First Middle English Primer, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909; p.45; online version »
- In the Trinity Homilies (1200) we find t`ureh nerewe hole (through narrow hole), in which the adjective ends in <-we>, which is interesting. hol was a neuter noun and t`urh always preceded acc in OE. So in OE we would expect t`urh nearu hol with a strong adjective, given there is no definite article nor possessive adjective. This example from the Trinity Homilies may indicate a confusion of acc with dat, but it could also indicate a merging of strong and weak forms.
- kilew is the sole member of this group without a reflex in ModE. The rest qualify as additional eME forms via principle 2 - ModE reflex plus appearance before 1250. Note that principle 3, which allows the removal of stem alternation (and other complexities) from a paradigm, only requires a pre-1250 source.
- Ch narwe is an interesting exception here, though the epenthetic vowel does appear in other words in Ch, e.g yelowe.
- y%are strong sg qualifies as an additional eME form via principle 2 - ModE yare (ready, prepared) plus a pre-1250 source (Owl y`are). Given that the wa-, wo_-stem adjectives and nouns can be considered as a block, we could also extend the pattern of nouns such as bale bales which drop the <w> thoughout the paradigm, to y%are y%are, without relying on the support of Owl y`are pl.