Additional eME forms

words which depart from standard OE forms & words of Old Norse, Middle Dutch and Old Low German origin

The following forms cannot be accounted for through the sound and spelling changes listed in table X. By the same token, forms that do follow the expected patterns of development from OE to ME, are not listed here. If you do happen to come across a form which strikes you as anomalous, you may find it in the footnotes (below) which outline some limited sound changes.

a

a, an; OE a_n > Orm a, an, PC2 a, Lmn a, an, AW a, an, Ch a, an

aefric

every, everyone; OE ae_fre adj + ae_lc` adj/pron > PC2 aeuric, AW eu(e)rich, Owl euerich, SO euerich, Ch everich

age

awe, terror; ON agi > lOE ag > Orm ay%h`efull, Ch awe

ay%

always; OE a_, ON ei > Orm ay%y%, Ch ay > eModE ay

als/alse

as; OE WS eallswa_, A all + swe_ > lOE *allswe > PC2 als(e), Orm alls, AW as(e), PH3 alse, Ch a(l)s

ana__n

immediately; so__ne ~ se - as soon as; OE on a_n > Orm anan, Lmn anan, Ch anoon > ModE anon

andswer~e, ~en

answer; OE andswar~u ~ian > Orm anndswer~e ~enn, Lmn andsweore, AW ondsweried`, Owl answere, Ch answere

a__niy`

any; OE ae_nig` > PC2 ani, PH3 oni(e), Ch any/ony

ay%aenes

against; OE ong`e_an, to_g`e_anes > PC2 agaenes/agenes, Orm (onn)y%aen, AW ay`ein, PH3 ay`enes, Ch age(y)ns/aye(y)ns

ba__t`e

both; OE beg`en, ba_; OE ba_ + t`a_ > Orm bat`e bat`re gen, PC2 bat`e, Ch bo(o)the

betwix

betwixt, between; OE betwux (betwix) > PC2 betwyx, Lmn bitwix, Ch betwixe

bi_

by; OE be (big`, bi_ - less common variants) > PC2 bi, PH3 bi

birien

to bury; OE birg`an (birig`an, birian - less common variants) > PC2 byrieden pt pl bebyried p ptc, Lmn iburied p ptc, AW iburiet p ptc

note - this additional eME form is not used in englesaxe; biry%en (cp Orm birry%enn, Ch buryen yburyed) is preferred;

briht

bright; OE berht > Orm brihht, Lmn briht, AW briht, Owl briy`t, SO briy`t, Ch bright

briny%e

suit of armour; ON brynja > PC2 briniges pl, Lmn brunie, AW brunie

can

know how to/be acquainted with; OE cann > PC2 can, Ch can/kan

ce__se

cheese; OE ci_se (e_) > Ch cheese, MED che_se > ModE cheese

cest

chest; OE cist (e/y) > PC2 caeste dat., Ch cheste/chiste

chusen

chose pt pl; OE ce_osan sv2 ce_as curon coren > PC2 cuson /tS/, Ch chose

chosen

chosen p ptc; OE coren (see previous) > PC2 cosan /tS/, Orm chosenn, PH3 ichosen, Ch chose(n)

citeren

to chatter; AW chiterinde pr ptc, Ch chiteren inf > ModE chitter, chatter

clepen

to call/summon; OE clipian (e) > PC2 clepeden, Ch clepe(n)

cnoken

to knock; OE cnucian (o) > Ch knokke(n), MED knokke(n)

daerne

secret adj; OE dierne (ae) > Orm daerne, AW dearne

da__l

allotment, portion; OE dae_l > Orm dale, Lmn dale, AW dale

de__l

part, share; OE dae_l > Orm del, PC2 sumdel, Owl echdel, Ch de(e)l

note - this additional eME word is not used in englesaxe; da_l and dael are preferred as both have ModE reflexes - dole and deal respectively;

dwale

trickery; fool n; OE dwola > Orm dwallkennde, Ch dwale

e__fen

eve(ning); OE ae_fen (e_) > Orm efenn, AW euen, Owl eue, Ch even, MED e_ven

elf

elf; OE aelf ielfe pl > Ch elf, MED elf

ey%t`er

either, both; OE aeg`hwet`er (aeg`t`er) > Orm ey%y%t`err, Lmn eit`er, AW eid`er, Owl eit`er, Ch eyther, MED either

felage

fellow; ON fe-lagi > AW feolahe, Ch felawe, MED felaue

fihten

to fight; OE feohtan > Orm fihhtenn, Ch fighte(n)

fort`an

therefore, consequently; OE fort`ae_m, OE alt fort`an > PC1 fort`an, Lmn fort`an, Owl for t`an, MED for-than

fort`en

even, quite, exactly; OE furt`um > Orm forrt`enn, Lmn fort`e, (MED fort`en)

fra__

from; OE fram (fra), ON frá > Orm fra, PC2 fra(m), Ch fra(m) fro(m) > ModE from/fro

fray%nen

to ask; OE frig`nan (fraeg`ning) > Orm fray%y%nenn, Lmn fraeinien, Ch frayneth, Gaw frayned p ptc

gate

path, gait; ON gata, alla götu > Orm gate, AW allegate, SO algate, Ch algate(s)

gaere

gear, equipment, apparel, behaviour; ON gervi, OE g`earwe > Orm gaeress pl, Lmn gaeren dat pl, Ch geere

gest

guest; OE g`iest > Orm gessthus, PC2 gestes, AW gest, Ch gest

gild

guild; OE g`eg`ield > MED gilda 1114 1180 1190 1240 1280 i.a. > ModE guild

ginnen

to begin; OE ong`innan > Orm gann pt sg3, Lmn gunnen pt pl, AW ginne sbj pr sg, Owl ginnet` pr sg3, SO gan gunne pt, Ch gynneth pr sg3 gan pt sg3

gle__

glee, music, entertainment; OE gli_w (gle_ow) n > Lmn gleo, AW gleo > ModE glee

grisliy%

grisly, horrible; OE grislic` > Orm grissliy%, Owl grisli/grislich, Ch grisly

haccen

hatch, incubate; OE *haeccan > Owl hay`te pt sg3, (MED hacchen)

hager

skillful; ON hagr > Orm hay%h`err, AW haher

hagge

hag, witch, fury; OE haeg`-tes n f *hagan pl > AW haggen pl dat, (MED hagge)

hem

them; OE him (heom) > Orm hemm, PC2 heom, Owl heom/hom, PH3 heom, SO hem, Ch hem

here

their; OE hira or heora or hiera > PC2 here, Lmn heore, SO her, Ch her(e)/hir(e)

he__w

hue, likeness, form; OE hi_w (he_ow) > Orm hewe dat, Ch hew(e)

hirde

herdsman; OE hierde, A hiorde > Orm hirde, AW hirden pl dat, Ch hierde

hire

her; OE hire or hiere > PC2 hire, Orm hire, Ch hir(e)/her(e)

hwanne

when; OE hwonne > Orm whanne, Ch whan(ne) VH hwaenne, BH hwaenne

hwam

whom; OE hwae_m > Orm whamm, SO wham

hwa__s

whose; OE hwaes gen. of hwa_/hwaet > Orm whas /a:/, Ch whoos

Í

I ; OE ic` > PC2 I, Ch I/y (ich); note - unstressed variant of ich in eME

ille

poor, bad; ON illr > Orm ille, Ch ill(e)

inne

within, inside; OE innan > PC2 inne(n), Orm inne, Ch inne

intil

unto, into; OE in + ON til > Orm inntill, PH3 intel

it

it; OE hit > PC2 it, Ch it (hyt)

key%ser

emperor, Caesar; OE ca_sere, ON keisari > Orm key%y%seress gen, Lmn keisere acc, AW keiser

la__ge

low; ON la_gr > Orm lah s lay%he w, Ch low(e)/lo(u)gh

lahhen

to laugh; OE hliehhan (hlaehan), hleahtor > Orm lahhy%h`enn, AW lahhen, Ch laughen

lasten

to last/endure; OE lae_stan > PC2 lastede, Orm lasstenn, Lmn lasten, SO last pr sg3, Ch laste(n)

left

left(-hand) adj; OE *lyft, lyfta_dl > Lmn leoft, TH left, Ch left > ModE left

lifen

to live; OE libban (lifian) > PC2 liuen, Ch live(n)

liy%en

to lie; OE licgan > PC2 lien, Ch lye(n)/ligge(n)

liht

light; OE le_oht (li_ht) > Orm lihht, Ch light

man

man, human being; OE mann > PC2 man, Ch man

madmes

treasure, ornaments; OE ma_d`um, ma_d`mes (ma_dm~) gen > Orm maddmess, Lmn madmes, MED madmes

mascen

to mash, reduce to pulp; to brew (ale); OE *ma_scan (ae_) inf > Orm meshe inf, MED mashen > ModE to mash

me

one, 'they' indef.pron.; OE man (me) > PC2 me, Owl me, Lmn me, Ch me (man/men)

ne__we

new; OE ni_we (ne_owe) > PC2 neuuae, Orm new, Ch new(e)

noht

nothing, not (at all); OE na_ht (na_wiht/no_ht) > PC2 noht/naht, Orm nohht, AW nocht, Ch naught/nought/no(g)ht

nowt`er

neither; OE na_hwaet`er (no_wt`er/na_wt`er) > PC2 nout`er, SO not`er, Ch nouther/nother;
(assimilation to either gave ModE neither)

oht

at all, anything; OE a_wiht (a_wuht/a_ht/aht/o_ht) > Orm ohht, Owl oy`t, Ch o(u)ght/aught > archaic ModE ought/aught

ot`er

or; OE od`d`e/o_d`er > PC2, Owl, AW, PH3, SO ot`er, Ch other/or

owt`er

any one, someone, either; OE a_hwaet`er (o_wt`er/a_wt`er) > PC2 ot`er, Ch o(u)ther
Note: given the potential for confusion with o_t`er and ot`er, I prefer to use ihwa_ for any one in my weblog

pot`eren

to stir, poke; OE *pod`eren (MED indicates OE probably had a form related to MDu poderen) > AW pead`ered` (a), pot`eret`, MED patheren > ModE pother

raediy%

ready; OE rae_de > Orm raediy%, Ch redy

rang, irungen

rang, rung; OE hringde pt sg3 g`ehringed p ptc > Lmn irungen p ptc, Ch rong pt sg3 > ModE rang, rung

rey%el

dress, garment; OE hraeg`l > PC1 reil, Owl rey`el

rubben

to rub; ON *rubba, MLG *rubben > robbe imp sg Recipe Painting(1) in Archaeol.J.1 (Hrl 2253) (1325), robby sbj pr sg SLeg.Geo.(1) (Corp-C 145) (1325), Ch rubbeth pr sg3, MED rubben > ModE rub

ruke

pile, heap, group of people; ON hruga/hruka > AW ruken, MED ruke > ModE ruck

saht

agreement, settlement; OE seht sehtan sehtlian > PC2 sahte saehte saehtlede, Orm sahhte sahhtlen, Lmn saeht, Ch saughte

say%en

to say; OE secgan > PC2 saein/saegen/sei, Ch seyn/seye(n)/sayn/saye

scapen

to create; OE scieppan > Orm shapet`t`, Ch shapen

sce__

she; OE he_o/hi_e > lOE SEMidl ?/hje:/ > ?/Ce:/ > PC2 scae, SO sche, Ch she/sche

sce__p

sheep; OE sce_ap > Orm shep, AW schep, Ch sheep

sculde

had to, was obliged to; OE sceolde (sc`olde) > PC2 sculde, AW schulde, SO schuld, Ch sholde/shulde

saegen

saw pt.pl.; OE WS sae_won A sae_gon > Orm saey%h`enn, Ch seyen/sawe

se

as, so; OE swe_ (variant of swa_) > PC2, AW, Orm se;
e.g. Orm sone anan se, forththrihht se - as; PC2 ware se, AW stinketh se swid`e feor - so

segen

seen pp.; OE WS sewen A segen > Orm sey%h`enn, 2KS i-seghe, Ch seyen/seen

se__l

happiness; OE WS sae_l A se_l > Orm, Lmn, Ch sel; AW, Lmn iseli

selcu__t`

rare, unusual; OE seldcu_t` > Orm sellcut`, Lmn selcut`, AW seolcud`e, MED selcouth

shit

shit, excrement; OE shitte > Owl schit-worde > ModE shit

silfer

silver; OE seolfor (i/io/u/y) > PC2 syluer nom sylure dat, SO silver

skateren

to scatter, squander; OE *scateran > PC2 scatered, Ch scatereth/scatered, MED scateren

skil

reason, grounds; ON skil > Orm skill, Ch skile/skyl/skylle

skraccen

to scratch; MDu or MLG or ON; MDu cratsen (e), MHG kratzen (e), OSw kratta > AW scrattes pr sg3, SO crached pr sg2 > ModE scratch; cp Sw skratta

skre__cen

to screech, shriek; OE alt scre_c`, ON skraetja > Owl scrichest pr sg2 > ModE screech

smirken

to smile; OE smearcian > StK smirkinde pr ptc > ModE smirk

starten

to start, leap up, rush; OE sturtende pr ptc > Owl start pr sg3 > ModE start

ste__le

steel; OE sty_le (e_) > Lmn stele pl, AW stel pl, Ch ste(e)l pl, MED ste_l(e)

sterne

stern; OE styrne (ie) > Owl sterne, Ch sterne pl, MED stern(e) > ModE stern

stubb

stump, stub; OE stybb (u) > Owl stubbe dat, SO stub, Ch stubbes pl, MED stub(be)

suster

sister; OE sweoster (e/i/u/y) > PC2 suster, Orm susstress pl, Lmn suster pl, AW sustren pl dat, Ch suster

til

till, to; OE oth; ON til - to > PC2 til, Orm till, Ch til(l)

t`an(ne)

than, then, when; OE t`onne (t`anne/t`on) > PC2 t`an(ne), Orm t`ann, Ch then/than(ne)

t`enen (~e/~es)

thence, from that place; OE t`anon (t`eonen) > PC1 t`enen, Lmn t`enene (t`ennen), (AW t`eonne, Owl t`enne, Ch thenne(s), MED thenne/thennes)

t`ey%

they; ON t`eir > Orm t`ey%y%, SO t`ai, Ch they

t`enken

to think; OE (g`e)t`enc`an, ON t`ekkja > Orm t`ennkenn, Ch thenke(n)/thenche(n)

t`es

therefore, because of that; OE t`aes (gen of se/t`aet) > Orm t`ess, Lmn t`es, StM t`enne, HM t`es, Owl t`es

t`oh

nevertheless, yet, though; OE t`e_ah, ON t`ó/*t`auh > PC2 t`oh, Orm t`ohh, Ch tho(u)gh/theigh;
(Note - the OE and ON forms are cognate)

t`ohhwet`ere

nevertheless, yet; t`oh + OE hwet`re > Orm t`ohhwhet`t`re, PC2 t`ohuuet`ere/t`othwet`ere; cf. modE whether

t`umbe

thumb; OE t`u_ma > PC2 t`umbes pl, AW t`ume, Ayb t`oume, Ch thombe, MED thoume

I tend to use t`u__me rather than this additional eME form

trappe

trap; OE treppe (trappe) > Orm trapp, Ch trappe, MED trappe

tu__te

protrusion, hill, buttocks; lookout, tout; ON tuta, MDu tute > AW tutel, Ch toute, MED tout(e)

twiccen

to pull, jerk; OE twiccian *twic`c`an > SLL tuicche (1300), SO itwiy`t inf, MED twicchen > MED twitch

twiy%es

twice; OE tuwa (twig`ea) > Orm twiy%ess, AW twies, Ch twyes, MED twi_es

umbe

about/around; OE ymbe (umbe/embe) > Orm ummbe, PC2 um, Lmn umbe/embe, Piers um, NED umbe/embe

up

up; OE u_p uppe > Orm upp, PC2 up, Ch up adv uppe adj

upon

upon; OE uppan > Orm upponn, Ch upon/uppon

wandrat`

misery, adversity; ON vand-raed`i > Orm wandrat`, Lmn wandred`e, AW wontread`e

wicke

wicked, bad, harmful; OE wiccan gen? > PC2 wicci, Orm wicke, AW wicke, Ch wikke

wigglen

to wiggle, wobble; MDu wiggelen v w > AW wigled` pr sg3, (MED wigelen) > ModE wiggle

wereld

world; OE woruld > Orm werelld, Lmn weoreld, AW werlde dat, Ch werld

wrat`e

wrath, anger; OE wrae_t`t`u > Orm wrat`t`e, Ch wrathe > ModE wrath

wrecce

wretched/miserable; OE wraeclic` > PC2 wrecce, Owl wrecche, Ch wrecche(d)

wurm

serpent, worm; OE wyrm (u) > Orm wurm, SO worm, Ch worm

wurt`

worth n, worthy adj; OE weort` (u) > Orm wurrt`(e), Lmn wurd`(e), AW wurd`e, Ch worth

wrohte

worked, created, wrought; OE wyrc`an v w > AW wurchen; OE worhte/wrohte pt sg1/3 > PC2 wrohte, Orm wrohhte

y%e__de

went; OE (g`e)e_ode e_oden > Orm y`edenn, PC2 gaede, Ch yede(n)

y%e__ten

to convey, grant; ON ja_ta ja_tta > Orm y%atenn y%atte y%atedd, Lmn y`etten, AW y`etted` y`ette y`ettede

y%ow

you; OE WS e_ow, lOE N i_uh > Orm y%uw, SO y`ou, Ch you/yow

y%owre

your; OE WS e_ower (i_ower/i_owre), lOE N i_uer > Orm y%ure, SO y`our, Ch youre

y%ugelen

to yowl; OE *g`eogelian /ju:/ > StK y`uhelunge, Owl y`oy`elinge, MED yoy`elinge > ModE yowl